Sunday, March 31, 2019
Cyclic Nature Of Language English Language Essay
Cyclic Nature Of lyric poem English linguistic communication EssayThis line comes under the prescribed Part 1 phrase and Cultural context. The topic I cede chosen is Cyclic nature of actors line. This topic is related to the Part 1 of English as it deals with convert of the English Language which influences all the cultures throughout the world since the beginning of time. Language in itself has been evolving over the centuries. I have gone about this line of work in such a modal value that it shows the difference in the way of communication (through expression) since the beginning of time to the dustup that has come to be in the redeem day. It shows the evolution of communication from gestures to emergence of diction to change in language itself and so back to gestures and visual representations. This change is shown through examples akin (change in bound of asking someone to keep quiet) shhh hist could you please go forward silent? Keep quiet shut up shhh -X.The aim of this task is to bring out the possibility of the claim that language is cyclic in nature. This is also a individualal opinion hence I have chosen a blog fake to express myself freely piece using an informal approach. Also this enables me to put crosswise my opinion among a varied range of audience who great power be able to irritate this when in the form of blog. The blog helps my text to be conveyed in a generic form and audience as intended.Language came into existence in order for humans to communicate. This can be said for any form of language. It began from grunts, sign language and gestures in the 6000BC and evolved into the defined universal form of language which we speak in the present day. We fluent speak in gestures, only along with language too. After all actions speak louder than terminology. When angry we however wave our hands about or run offensive gestures, when adroit a smile is intact on our face, when we feel compassionate we hug, fondle or embrace, when despising someone we either glare or make a face.1To communicate or send a message across we usually end up gesturing rather than only white plague words. gibe to me gestures are a way better pixilateds of expression or communication than words of a language as it is more universal, intrinsic and natural. Not all gestures have evolved over the years like language has. Some gestures come naturally to everyone. If worried or deep in thought one involuntarily frowns.However lately it is seen language is deteriorating instead in the lit date of referencel sense. Here is an example to show the deterioration of language over the past few centuries-Dost thou feel melancholic? (18th century)Is it mournful that you feel? (19th century) ar you unhappy? (20th century)R u? (21st century)Above is a simple example of how the language has evolved over the past centuries with the concocting still intact. Yes, a chap from the 19th century go out only be able to guess at the most, what the emoticon conveys. If anything, he will be strike at the lack of words utilise when enquiring after someones well being. Whereas, a 21st century dude will only ever use words like thou and melancholic as a joke. It is cast of evident how inappropriate using either kind of language in either century would be. Linguists and literature lovers cringe over the language used today. Authors from the earlier centuries might roll in their graves at the modernistic meanings of same words used earlier. However evolution of language is needful and necessary too. Whether for the good or the bad, it differs from someone to person depending on their perception. On one hand a literature lover might enrapture in the fancy and articulate language used earlier and despise the brief and hasty way the language has sour into in the present day. On the a nonher(prenominal) hand, a 21st century, text savvy teenager might appreciate the usage of language in the earlier centuries and go out it a part of the lush history of literature but will be more comfortable using the abbreviated form of language these days.Also it is very important to note that the changes noted in the form of communication are in the form of letters in the remote days and texts now a days. Earlier, communication was slow and less frequent. nevertheless it was important and more efficient for the letters to be long and communicatory. Whereas in the present day not only communication is extremely brisk and efficient, meeting someone is also very easy. Hence in the era where texting and video calling is possible and it is almost like communicating with the person face to face, one doesnt feel the need to be overly expressive and long. Being brief does the task. Earlier it might be considered rude to be curt and all of a sudden but now being long in your sentences in informal communication (where being short is perfectly fine) might make you look like a literary snob. In a way it is quite efficient as, even though the sentences are short it gets the point through.Either way it is seen how sentences have become shorter, words abbreviated, legitimate words for emotions all together turned into emoticons, gestures conveyed through words turned into visual gestures, tone conveyed by exclamations. Example Thou you u dingy I love you I UWhat? ?It is obvious from the above to the uttermost to which language is literally deteriorating. One could claim how language is cyclic in nature. It started from grunts and gestures and went through the phase of development of language to emergence of different languages and then evolution of words in language to abbreviation to conversion of words into visual gestures altogether. Are we going back in time? Are we becoming barbaric and unrefined? Does it matter?Does it matter that the English language is deteriorating? Because is not the primal use of a language to communicate? If the other person understands what you are try ing to say to the same extent that you mean it, then does it actually matter how language changes? Moreover, I think when you alter it, it defines you more, gives what you are saying more meaning if anything.My opinion is my own and it is not my intention to offend anybody whose opinion differs from mine. Yes I still acknowledge the event that it is important to speak right if not, change of language would not mean evolution but just mere slothfulness and ignorance of one to shoot a language properly. If that were to be entertained, not a single person would understand another without a manual on their own kind of language. Yet an efficient and meaningful change should not be laid-off simply but acknowledged and embraced as the time changes too.
Saturday, March 30, 2019
Prehistoric Culture Culture in the Stone Age
past finishing Culture in the gem shake climb onCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONPrehistory is a term utilise to denote the long completion of clock before people began qualification written records. Some people believe that past people had lived on egraphicsh for nonp beil meg million millions of historic period before writing was invented to a heavy(p)er extent than 5,000 years ago. upstart finds of prehistoric fossils employ up led any(prenominal) scientists to believe that the stolon hominians, or mankind like creatures whitet nozzle consecrate appe ard in Africa seven million years ago. They think that a large range of contrary hominid species developed oer the next millions of years. Some scientists think that the low gear species of human, the genus to which human race conk push through, emerged ab pop out 2.5 million years ago and that their successors in the end began making lapidate tools, mastering the use of fire, docu mentation in cave entrances an d simple shelters. Scientists break that modern creation frontmost appe ard in Africa more than(prenominal) than 160,000 years ago, eventually leaving that continent to spread crosswise the whole world. In Europe, they are thought to let lived at the same time as another(prenominal) species, the neanderthals. When the Neanderthals died out, modern humans became the only hominids left on earth. Some of our hunter gathitherr ancestors eventually took up fartherming, and their wee settlements piecemeal grew into cities and formed the tail end for the eldest civilizations on earth. After people assemble time to turn over to art, religion and trade, the invention of writing finally marked the end of the prehistoric period.Prehistory is just rough sets of sites, artifacts and landscapes from the past which we try to understand in the present, displace the demo we render in the context of their contemporary env atomic name 26ments, both somatic and social. The chronolo gical scheme for under tolerate prehistory, the so called Three time System, was primarily developed in Europe. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three conse get byive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies the careen Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The seenal region Age was divided into two by the start of farming, with the elderly play off Age( palaeolithic, with its avouch three divisions- impose, middle and upper) succeeded by the New Stone Age(neolithic). The metal age of bronze and iron(the mesolithic Age), it was thought saw the development of tribal societies with sophisticated farming and the ability to build monuments like hill forts or create metal objects. Some of humans enceinteest achievements were make by prehistoric people. They created the worlds first languages, and learned to make tools and clothes and to control fire. They invented art, religion, farming, boats, and the wheel. Prehi storic people in addition settled the world, from the Arctic to the deserts of Australia. All the evidence that we nonplus for our prehistoric past happens from material the Great Compromiser-objects and sites-that ancient people pull in left behind. It is the t consume of archaeologists to find and interpret this evidence. Many prehistoric sites suck in been ascertained by accident, much(prenominal) as Seahenge in England, an ancient woody monument revealed by the tide in 1998. Other prehistoric features, including standing rock musics and burial mounds, stand out in the landscape. The first question archaeologists ask about any prehistoric site is, How old is it?.1.1 WHAT IS gardening ?terminus traditionally used in prehistoric archaeology to define a specific collection of portable material objects, most a great chain reactor mark and bone tools, that exhibit similarity in a number of variables and that are found within a delimited region and time period. Culture a lso refers to a shared system of learned behaviors, passed on by several generations and thus characteristic of particular congregations or communities. In this sense, in that respect is considerable debate over whether humans are the only living primate species with kitchen-gardening, and, if so, when culture first appeared. At one extreme, only anatomically modern humans are considered to fall in possessed culture at the other, chimpanzees and even certain species of cercepithecoid monkeys (macaques, baboons) are described as exhibiting culture in the form of long-term learned behavioral differences between populations.1.2 EVOLUTIONThe opening that living things evolve with time, bounteous rise to new species, was first proposed in the 1790s by English scientist Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802). But there was no convincing news report as to exactly how a species might evolve. Then, in 1859, Erasmuss grandson Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published The starting time of Species, in which he explained that evolution was driven by a mold he called congenital selection. Darwins theory led to the conclusion that humans and apes had evolved from a common ancestor.Hominization is the evolutionary process that results in the present human being. It was a very long process.The first ancestors of the human beings appeared about five million years ago. We call them Australopithecus. They were quite similar to chimpanzees. Two million years ago a new human species called Homo Habilis appeared. They made tools of stone pit and lived on hunting and gathering. Homo Habilis and Australopithecus lived in Africa. Homo erectus appeared a million and a half years ago. They were similar to Homo habilis neverthe slight they made more perfect tools. They had a greater technological development. This species discovered and learned how to use fire. Home erectus remains have been found out of Africa, in Europe andAsia.Homo antecessor is an extinct human species discovered in the Atapuerca site ( Spain). He appeared about 800,000 years ago. Most probably he is the oldest European. He is a common ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens.Then, about 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens appeared. This species is divided into two subtypes Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis or Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens sapiens.Neanderthal man looked like us except he was more deep and sturdy. This species became extinct.Homo sapiens sapiens is the species we belong to. Archaeologists have found remains of Homo sapiens in America and Australia.The continent where human beings first appeared is Africa. Homo erectus were the first human beings to leave Africa. Their remains have been found in Asia, Europe and Africa. In America and Australia, there are no remains of Homo erectus.The only vestiges that archaeologists have found there belong to Homo sapiens.There are several characteristics that make human beings different from other similar species they invent tools thanks to the evolution of their intellect they backside walk on two legs (biped walk) so they coffin nail work with their presents they have an opposable thumb, which, for example, allows them to make tools or write and., finally, the fact that nurture is possible because human beings develop a symbolic language and have a long childhood.Homo NeanderthalensisHomo ErectusHomo SapiensAustrelopithecusThe introductory timeline of Prehistory is dominated by the so-called Old Stone Age or Paleolithic era, which lasted (roughly) from 1,600,000 until 10,000 BCE. It spans three periods(1) Lower Paleolithic (2,500,000-200,000 BCE)(2) fondness Paleolithic (200,000-30,000 BCE)(3) top(prenominal) Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 BCE).After this comes a transitional phase called the mesolithic period (sometimes cognize as epipaleolithic), ending with the spread of agriculture, followed by the neolithic period (the New Stone Age) which witnessed the establishment of permanent settlements.The Stone Age ends as stone tools become superseded by the new products of bronze and iron metallurgy, and is followed by the Bronze and Iron ages.CHAPTER 2 PALEOLITHIC AGEThe period, also known as the stone age, encompasses the first widespread use of engine room-as humans established from simpler to more complex developmental stages-and the spread of humanity from the savannas of East Africa to the rest of the world. It is generally said to have begun approximately 500,000 years ago and to have ended about 6,000 B.C.E. It ends with the development of agriculture, the vapidity of certain wolfs, and the smelting of copper ore to rear metal. It is termed pre-historical, since humanity had not yet started writing-which is seen as the traditional start of (recorded) history. cognition of human life at this time is confined to generalities. Scientists do not have records of single(a) lives or of the achievements of individual contributors to human development. As technology enabled humans to s ettle in larger numbers, however, more rules were needed to thwart life, which gave rise to ethical codes. Religious belief, think overed in cave art, also became more sophisticated. Death and burial rites evolved. As hunting and gathering gave way to agriculture and as some people became artisans, trading implements they produced, even larger settlements, much(prenominal) as Jericho, appear. Art and music also developed as some people had more time for leisure. Human society emerged as more self-consciously collective. People became aware that they faced the same challenges, so co-operation was give way than competition. In the early Paleolithic period, each(prenominal) clan or family group regarded themselves as the people to the exclusion of others. Strangers may not even have been thought of as human. With settlement, this changed and community identity became more definitive than individual identity.2.1 MATERIAL CULTURE DURING THE PALEOLITHIC ERAIMPLEMENTS AND TOOLSImple ments are essentially an addendum of human limbs-the extension of the fist and tooth with the stone the arm with the stick the hand or mouth with a bag or hoop. If an implement much(prenominal) as a stone, picked up and thrown, is the beginning of human technical process, that progress becomes unlimited once the tool is developed. The tool-the implement to make implements-creates the possibility of producing far more different types of implements than could by simply selected from nature. The process of making tools, first by chipping from stone, then by grinding, and finally from metal by hammering and casting, underlies all our modern techniques of dealing physically with material objects. by means of the pract nut case of tool making, men learned the mechanical properties of many natural products and thus laid the tush for physical science. Paleolithic means Old Stone. In the Paleeolithic objects were made of stone, wood and wolf bone. Most objects were made of stone and that is why this period was also called Stone Age.The technique to make tools and objects out of stone was very simple. They knocked two stones unneurotic until they got small pieces from one of them. These pieces became raw objects. They used them to hunt and cut brute skins and meat. Examples of objects made of wood and animal bones are harpoons, needles and lancesCLOTHINGPartly from the need to carry things about, at first only forage and implements, came the custom of attaching objects more or less permanently to the body, wherever a convenient hold could be made, in the hair, round the neck, waist, wrists and ankles. These attachments tended to become distinctive and ornamental. Feathers, bones and skins were added. Then came the crucial breakthrough that furry skin helped to keep people fond on common cold nights and in winters. From this came clothes, first in iso tardyd skin, cloaks and skirts then sew and trim garments.FOODFood sources of the early hunter-gatherer h umans of the Paleolithic Age include both animals and go downs that were part of the natural surroundings in which these humans lived, oftentimes animal organ meats, including the liver, kidneys, and brains. They consumed little dairy food or carbohydrate-rich plant foods like legumes or cereal grains. Current research indicates that two-thirds of the energy was derived from animal foods.FIRE AND COOKERYFire was discovered about half a million years ago. For human beings in the Paleolithic Age it was one of the most important discoveries. The climate was extremely cold and with fire they could high temperature and light their caves, cook their food and frighten vicious animals away. How man came across fire and why he dared to tame and feed it is yet to be discovered. The preservation and propagation of fire moldiness at first have been frightening, hazardous and difficult. At first it essential have been used to warm the body on cold nights. Cooking could only have come once the camp fire had become an established custom.Just as the tool is the basis of physical and mechanical science, so is fire the basis of chemical science. First of all came the very simple and essentially chemical practice of cooking. It is from the accidental use of fire that the more specifically controllable and scientific uses of fire in pottery and later in metal-making first arose. It was not very difficult to roast meat on sticks, but boiling represents a real problem, the solution of which was to lead to further great advances. The crucial find, was that by coating a basket with thick system it could be put on the fire and actually improved in the process. In time it was discovered, probably towards the end of the Old Stone Age, that the basket could be dispensed with and clay pottery made that would hold pee and stand fire.PRIMITIVE ARTFor this, we have the evidence of the most small knowledge of nature possessed today by all tribes motionlessness in the hunting phas e and by the large part that animal dances play in their ceremonies. All this is shown by widely dispersed cave paintings, drawings and engraves, which are almost exclusively of animals. These representations don not stop at the outside of the animal, oftenbones, heart and entrails are also shown giving evidence of the origin of anatomy arising from the cutting up of mettlesome.A rock painting at Bhimbetka, India, a World heritage site.2.2 SOCIAL cornerstone OF PRIMITIVE LIFELANGUAGEThe cooperation of several individuals in the pursuit of food with their bare hands or with unshaped sticks and stones is possible only by the use of gesture or words. Early language must have mainly dealt with the getting of food, including the movements of people and the making and using of implements. Language must have been, from the very beginning, almost entirely arbitrary and conventional. In each community the meaning of sounds had to win acceptance and be fixed by tradition into a complete la nguage capable of dealing with the entireness of material and social life.FOOD GATHERING AND HUNTING DIVISION OF getThe general ecological character of the human groups was determined at first almost exclusively, later very largely by how they got their food. To begin with they must have still anything they could eat-seeds, nuts, fruit, roots, insects etc. All primitive people put away surviving have passed into the next stage where food gathering is supplemented by hunting large animals.The necessarily small social groups of the early Stone Age maintained their continuity through the women, while the young men for the most part must have gone off and couple with girls of other groups to which they then attached themselves. This corresponded to an economic division in which the women collected fruits, nuts, grains while men caught game and fish.The further development of big game hunting a mans business increased mans importance as a prime food-getter. It may be that this, comb ined with the extra strength, aggressiveness and dexterity that went with it, led towards the end of the Stone Age to the dominance of men over women.RELIGIOUS/BURIAL CUSTOMSA number of archeologists propose that Middle Paleolithic societies such(prenominal) as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of totemism or animal worship. Animal cults in the following Upper Paleolithic period, such as the bear cult, may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults.The oldest known burials can be attributed to the Middle Paleolithic Period. The corpses, accompanied by stone tools and parts of animals, were laid in holes in the ground and sometimes the corpses were in particular protected. In some cases, the findings give the impression that the dead were to be held onto. Whether or not that meant that the dead were to be cared for lovingly or that their return was to be feared, it implies, in any case, a belief in life subsequently d eath in some form. But it is not necessary to infer a belief in separate souls rather, it could also indicate the judgment of a living corpse.SACRIFICESSacrifices (i.e., the presentation of offerings to higher beings or to the dead) appear as early as the Middle Paleolithic Period. Pits with some animal bones have been found in the vicinity of burial sites thus, it is a plausibly possibility that they represent offerings to the dead. There is a dispute over the rendition of the arrangement of the skulls and long bones of bears, since they are deposited in such a manner that it is hardly possible to discern a profane explanation. It is fictive that they had a cultic or magical significance. Most likely, certain parts of the prey, such as the head and the meaty shanks, or at least the bones with brain and marrow, were sacrificed. pull down if it cannot be definitely stated who the recipient of these sacrifices was, analogies with current primitive phenomena make it likely that a part of the prey was offered to a higher being who was believed to dispense nourishment.CHAPTER 3 mesolithic ERAThe mesolithic period is a transitional era between the ice-affected hunter-gatherer culture of the Upper Paleolithic, and the farming culture of the neolithic. The greater the effect of the retreating ice on the environment of a region, the semipermanent the mesolithic era lasted. So, in areas with no ice (eg. the Middle East), people transitioned quite rapidly from hunting/gathering to agriculture. Their mesolithic period was therefore short, and often referred to as the Epi-Paleolithic or Epipaleolithic. By comparison, in areas undergoing the change from ice to no-ice, the Mesolithic era and its culture lasted much longer. The Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite flint tools microliths and microburins. search tackle, stone adzes and woody objects, e.g. canoes and bows, have been found at some sitesmesolithic CULTURESAs the ice disappeared, t o be replaced by grasslands and forests, mobility and flexibility became more important in the hunting and acquisition of food. As a result, Mesolithic cultures are characterized by small, lighter flint tools, quantities of fishing tackle, stone adzes, bows and arrows. Very gradually, at least in Europe, hunting and fishing was superceded by farming and the domestication of animals. The three main European Mesolithic cultures are Azilian, Tardenoisian and Maglemosian. Azilian was a stone industry, largely microlithic, associated with Ofnet Man. Tardenoisian, associated with Tardenoisian Man, produced small flint blades and small flint implements with geometrical shapes, together with bone harpoons using flint flakes as barbs. Maglemosian (northern Europe) was a bone and horn culture, producing flint scrapers, borers and core-axes.MESOLITHIC ROCK ARTArtworks created during the Mesolithic period reflect the arrival of new living conditions and hunting practices caused by the disappear ance of the great herds of animals from Spain and France, at the end of the Ice Age. Forests now cloaked the landscape, necessitating more metric and cooperative hunting arrangements. European Mesolithic rock art gives more space to human figures, and is characterized by keener observation, and greater narrative in the paintings. Also, because of the fastball weather, it moves from caves to outdoor sites in numerous locations across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas. For example, in Africa, a number of bushman rock paintings were found in the Waterberg area which date from about 8,000 BCE. In India, the paintings in the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, derive from Mesolithic artists. A good deal of Australian Aboriginal art (eg. from Arnhem Land) dates from Mesolithic as well as Paleolithic periods. Most of the Aborigines ancient artwork is stylized rock painting, often executed in a symbolic or abstract manner as many were created from a birds eye view.MESOLITHIC SCULP TUREAs well as these stylized cave paintings, the Mesolithic era also featured more 3-D art, including bas-reliefs and free standing sculpture. Early examples of the latter(prenominal) include the anthropomorphic figurines, typically embellished by animals, uncovered in Nevali Cori and Gbekli Tepe near Urfa in eastern Asia Minor (now Turkey), dating to 9,000 BCE. The mesolithic statues of Lepenski Vir (eg. The tilt God) in Serbia date from about 5,000 BCE and depict either humans or hybrid figures, part-human, part-fish.MESOLITHIC DECORATIVE CRAFTSOther examples of this type of new portable art include adornments, like bracelets and painted pebbles, together with decorative drawings on functional objects like paddles and weapons. Ceramic art was also developed, notably by the Jomon culture an early highpoint of Japanese Art whose sophisticated pots have been date to the 11th millennium BCE. Their clay figures and vessels were typically decorated with patterns created by impressin g the impish clay body with cord and sticks. Chinese pottery begins during the Mesolithic period.MESOLITHIC MASTERPIECE The Thinker From Cernavoda (5000 BCE)One extraordinary example of Neolithic art is the sculpture known as the Thinker From Cernavoda (c.5,000 BCE), discovered in the lower Danube in Romania. It belongs to the Hamangia culture, usually classified as a Neolithic culture practised in Dobruja (Romania and Bulgaria) on the right bank of the Danube in Muntenia, and in the south, but may be connected with mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The uniqueness of the sculpture stems from the fact that the figure is neither a hunting or malodorousness idol, but simply sits in deep thought. A near-perfect illustration of a thinking Neolithic man.CHAPTER 4 NEOLITHIC OR NEW scar AGENeolithic means New Stone Age. This was a period of primitive technological and social development, toward the end of the Stone Age. Beginning in the 10th millennium BCE (12,000 BP), the Neolithic period sa w the development of early villages, agriculture, animal domestication, tools and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare It is characterized by the discovery of stone implements that were polished, and, in particular, the stone axe that was bound to a wooden handle. There were also numerous arrow-heads that were found. Also found was the beginning of a sort of agriculture, as well as the use of plants and seeds. Evidences of hunting revealed that there were hunters among Neolithic humans. There is also evidence revealing the domestication of animals, such as dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Hunters began tending the herds that they hunted. Also discovered are evidences of pottery, plaiting and weaving.In the Mesolithic period, people built up knowledge about harvesting wild foods. In the Middle East, they specialized in gathering the seeds of wild grasses. in the midst of 10,000 and 9000 bce, people learned how to store and sow seeds of plants, which then chan ged as a result of human selection. Wild wheat has brittle stalks that shatter when ripe, purgative grains to be spread by the wind. People harvested wheat with larger, intact ears, which stayed longer on the plant and eventually created a new wheat with heads that no longer shattered. People also began to control the breeding of animals, such as sheep. They had become farmers. This new period of prehistory is called the Neolithic (New Stone) Age.4.1 VILLAGE AND RIVER CULTUREThe characteristic economic and cultural unit of the Neolithic age is the village. hamlet economy is strictly limited in scope and possibility of change. Even where it involves thousands of people, as in some African villages today, it remains an economy in which nearly all the people are occupied most of the time in agricultural pursuits or in the production of locally made and locally used goods.The first graduation towards larger scale of operations occurred when people tried to practice agriculture in the wide alluvial valleys of rivers which flowed in their lower courses through aris lands. They may have started from the low river banks where seeds could be sown in the wet mud and then gradually cut back the marshes and cleared the river channels. Alternatively, the practice of agriculture in small highland(prenominal) valleys may simply have been pushed downstream step by step into the great valleys. In some such way, a new tolerant of agriculture based first on natural then on artificial irrigation came into being.4.2 SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONDuring most of the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes of 150-2000 members that were composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the Ancient Hawaiians, most Neolit hic societies were relatively simple and egalitarian. However, Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and Hunter-gatherer cultures in general. The domestication of animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality. Possession of pedigree allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONWe can conclude by saying that Prehistoric culture refers to human evolution and development that occurred before the discovery of writing. For a short cut, this period is sometimes called the Stone Age. As the sciences of Geology, Paleontology, Anthropology and Archeology have developed, they have, by our time produced a vast, complex body of knowledge about the dawn of the human mind. If we aright evaluate modern disc overies and proposed hypotheses, it can help us understand human nature and shed light on modern human problems. What is the consumption of cause in the life of mankind. interrogative sentence One. What does our current knowledge about prehistoric times tell us about the use of reason in the prehistoric culture? Question Two How do we use our personal, modern day reason in order to answer Question One. In order to examine the role of reason in prehistoric times, it first behooves us to understand the role of reason in our own lives here and now.
Theories of Interpersonal Perception and Self Presentation
Theories of Inter soulfulnessal Perception and Self PresentationChristian S. Bautista affectionate psychology Inter mortalal RelationshipSolomon Asch (1946) found out that when cultivation is given to the highest degree a nonher soulfulness, some parts of that in ecesis be given much importance than early(a)s. He c all(prenominal)ed this central trait, which he state we ar utilize to make decisions about the someoneality of the other psyche. In his warm-cold study, Asch felt that traits kindred warm and cold when consecrate in conjunction with traits like possible or de bourneined produced a completely different overall impressions. However, S. Nauts et al argued that Aschs data (1946), do non provide clear render for a primacy of warmth effect the open-ended responses that were important to Aschs theorizing were not systematically analysed the trait-pair choice measure seems unfit to test primacy of warmth and the results of the rank measure suggest that warmth was not central in determine participants impression.Stereotyping is an assumption we make about other race that maybe unconscious, but that influence our perception of others. Stereotypes faecal matter be disperse into two basic forms individual and group stereotypes. However, negative stereotypes can fall to group polarization and prejudice, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) (cited in Payne, S. and Walker, J., 1996, p 191) classroom experiment illustrated this. Rosenthal and Jacobsons study became popular as it seemed to provide a powerful definition for the low achievement of the so-called disadvantaged students. However, it was also criticized by educational psychologists on conceptual, methodological and statistical grounds. There were numerous attempts to replicate the study, consistently, still about one third of the studies attempting to demonstrate a self-fulfilling prophecy succeeded, and critics said that the phenomenon did not exist because the support was unreliable.TAQ 2 (752 words)ascription possibleness deals with how the cordial perceiver uses information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is poised and how it is combined to form a causal judgement (Fiske, Taylor, 1991). The aim of ascription is to understand how bulk interpret the words and actions of others and their deliver behaviour. An experiment by Thibaut and Riecken in 1955 evinces how the message perceives between someone who is on a high placement and of a let sub due status. In the procedure, the subject interacted with two other persons one is of higher status than the subject and the other of a lower status. Both the person complied with the request of the subject, but when the subject was asked why all(prenominal) one had complied, the result was higher status compliance was put down as internal reason and impertinent reason for the lowest status persons compliance. Furthermore, his evaluation from before to after the compliance was favoured to the highest status person. This study shows both antecedent and consequences of attributions for behaviour. In this study they adopted the ideas from Heider (1944) and Michotte (1963). It was assumed that the subject makes line and decides between internal and external cause for the other persons compliance on the basis of their perceived power. In attributing compliance to internal causes, positive attitudes are credited by the subject to the person. Attributing these qualities to a person has the consequence that the subject pitchs to like the person. In this experiment, essential element of attribution explore is present. The research has hypotheses about the antecedents of causal attribution and the consequences of the subject making particular attributions (Kelley, H. and L. Michela, J.).We tend to perceive that the observed behaviour is due to the qualities of the person, dispositional attribution, rather than due to external force, situational attribution. The passenger who complains about the bus schedule is likely to be regarded as disagreeable rather than in a hurry. A respectful recognize to your manager may be offered because you like her or it may be only because of the superordinate-subordinate situation which exists between you. Heider (1958), who developed the model called the Nave compend of behaviour noted that people generally tend to perceive that military personnel behaviour is somehow ca employ, as it can be used by us in predicting the likelihood of this happening again, rather than being due to chance. We can make two attributions internal attribution, we attribute the behaviour of the person in their personality, character or attitude and external attribution, the inference that the person is behaving in a certain way because of the situation he or she may be in. Heider also noted that a persons behaviour particularly the first impression behaviour is so obligate that observers take it at face value and forget to take equal account of possible situational causes. When we make attribution, we must analyse the situation by going beyond the information given about the disposition of others and yourself as vigorous as the environment and how it may be causing the person to be go in such a manner. However, order and predictability are the consequences in making inferences and inferences current of air to behaviour. Once someone is given an initial estimate found on his observed behaviour, the label sticks and becomes self-validating as that person bequeath continue to behave in the way now expected of him. other attribution theory is Kellys covariation model he developed a logical model for judging whether a particular action should be attributed to the person or stimulus. There are three types of causal information which influence our judgements consistency, consensus and distinctiveness. Consistency is when cause and effect regularly occur unitedly for example you may notice that you fel t irritable in the forenoon after a late night out with little sleep, in fact irritability might occur every cartridge holder you have a very late night. Others also reported the late-night irritability syndrome, this operator you are not unique then the consensus is high. Distinctiveness is whether or not a particular behaviour occurred in the same way in the similar situation. According to Kruglanski (1977), people do not just naively come across situation but bring to each neighborly situation a wide range of experiences and prior knowledge. This theory lacks of note between intentional and unintentional behaviour intentional behaviour occurs when on that point is a desire for an government issue. Covariance treats explanation as a cognitive activity, no accounting for the social functions of explanations such as clarifying something for another person (Malle, B.F., 2003).TAQ 3(165 words)TAQ 4(190 words)Self-presentational behaviour is whatever behaviour intended to creat e, modify, or maintain an impression of ourselves in the minds of others. Whenever we attempt to lead people to call back of us in a particular way, we are engaging in self-presentation.Self-presentation is very important aspect of our lives. How do we make others to believe that we be in possession of various characteristic leans a huge role on our outcome in life. Self-presentation is a pervasive feature of our social life. However, self-presentational concerns also lead people to engage in behaviours that enhance their behavior but simultaneously jeopardize their own physical well-being and it even underlies self-destructive behaviour.Self-monitoring allows sympathetic to measure their behavioural outcomes against a set of standards. Small children typically do not have the ability to self-monitor, it develops overtime. The ability to both understand and assign others behavioural expectations is a developmental social milepost that will occur in middle childhood. Both self- presentation and self-monitoring shaped me to the person I am today. I was able to convince people my wife my friends and my colleagues that I am worthy of their love, their friendship, their trust and their respect.TAQ 5(156 words)There are many cistrons involved, such as proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness in the formation of relationships. It was found out that the friendliest person were those who live near on another. Those who play together stay together, in other words those who plow similar interest in leisure activities form relationship. People of the same race, gender, age, and social background are likely to form a relationship. individual who are either similar birds of the same feather flocks together or that opposites attract forms a relationship. Physical attractiveness is also an important factor in formation of relationship, when we first meet someone their physical appearance is the first thing that will strike us before anything else. hold outs date didnt work out for her because as I have said above, her date didnt have any of the factors. He faked his photo, his description and his job so Jade and his date had nothing in common basically.TAQ 6(235 words)The main assumption of the social exchange theory (SET) is that individuals try to maximise their rewards affection and attention and reduce their costs time and effort. SET helps us understand the cost and rewards of relationships and it helps us predict how to financial backing and sustain relationships. However, it also has some weaknesses, SET neglects culture context. SET is based on a reward concept but not all cultures seek for a reward in a relationship. SET makes people seems individualistic and a reward seeking.Equity theory extends the SET, it takes into account that rewards unavoidableness to be proportionate, this is based in the assumption that people expect that a relationship to be fair. People will feel satisfied if what they put into the relationship is comparable with what they get out of it. Aspects of equity theory were unavailing to predict whether a relationship will be maintained or break down.According to Balance theory we tend to be friends or to choose friends those people who help us maintain our balance mass of the world. One simple advantage is that it recognizes that people sometimes notice contrary cognitions and that this inconsistency can lead to attitude change. It predicts how people will defend to imbalanced and balanced situations. However, one consistent problem is that the predictions dont work very well. Balance theory does not make any prediction about how imbalanced will be resolved.TAQ 7(110 words) mechanical failure is when two suitable people of goodwill and good temperament pay back apart, where communication may be poor or interactions go badly is the most common cause of relationship breakdown. Long term relationships often fail due to lack of common activities, as well as individual hobbies, interest and friends. If both partners do not grow equally one partner might feel that they are carrying the load. In Scenario 2 the youngest child is now completing his GCSE, couples shares responsibility in bringing up their children and this is their common interest. Since their younger son is becoming less of their common interest, it can become a cause of the problem.TAQ 8(219 words) heads of Dissolution(Ducks Phase Model) degree IThe Intrapsychic phaseThinking about relationship in private, parentage to consider there is a problem in the relationship.Stage IIThe Dyadic phaseThe dissatisfaction is discussed. This is when the troubled partner confronts the other and tries to correct these problems.Stage IIIThe Social phaseAt this point the decision is make by one or both partners to leave the relationship. The breakdown is do public.Stage IVThe Grave Dressing phaseA post-relationship watch over of the breakup is established both of the partners go through self-justification protect self-esteem and rebuilding life towards new relationships.In 2006 Duck and Rollie added a fifth stage, Resurrection phase, when individual evaluate the relationship and attempting to re-instigate the relationship again.One of the effectualness of this model is that it gives some insight into possible techniques that can be used so that the relationship can be repaired. It also has face inclemency as it is an account of relationship breakdown that we can relate to our own and others experiencesBrehm and Kassin (1996) sees the limitation of this study in that the women are more likely to sift unhappiness and incompatibility as reasons for breakup while men accuse lack of sex suggesting gender differences that the model does not consider.TAQ 9(93 words) dearest relationships are one of the greatest sources of happiness and meaning for every kind being. Even the strongest relationships get off track sometimes because of the stresses of daily living, and twin expectations. The HEAL (Hear-Empathize-Act-Love) technique to repair damaged relationships by replacing antitank self-protection with compassionate presence and loving connection (Greenberg, M., 2013).Hear to pick up to your partner, stay present and be there.Empathize allow your partners experience deeply affect you, share the feelings.Act address the concerns and show willingness to change.Love feel and express unconditional love.ReferencesAsch, (1946) as cited in https//books.google.co.uk/books?id=U7oeILtwkxoCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge_summary_rcad=0v=onepageqf=false particular date last accessed 22 January 2015Brehm and Kassin (1996) as cited in DLcentre workbook Module 6 Social Interaction Level 3.Cowan Curtis, 1994 as cited in http//www.understandingprejudice.org/apa/ incline/page9.htmDate last accessed 26 Feb 2015Cozzarelli, Wilkinson, Tagler, 2001 as cited in http//www.understandingprejudice.org/apa/english/page9.htmDate last accessed 26 Feb 2015Eysenc, M. (2002). Simply ps ychological science. Online. 2nd Edition.East Sussex Psychology Press. Accessed 22 January 2015. addressable athttps//books.google.co.uk/books?id=U7oeILtwkxoCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge_summary_rcad=0v=onepageqf=falseGreenberg, M., 2013. four-spot Steps to Relationship Repair With The H-E-A-L Technique. online.Available at https//www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201304/four-steps-relationship-repair-the-h-e-l-techniqueAccessed 12 February 2015Heider (1944) as cited in http//www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/attribution_theory_and_research.pdfKelley, H. and L. Michela, J. Attribution Theory and Research. online.Available at http//www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/attribution_theory_and_research.pdfAccessed 19 March 2015Kruglanski, 1977 as cited in DLCentre Ltd., 2009/11 Module 6. Social Interaction level 3Lerner, 1980 Montada Lerner, 1998 as cited in http//www.understandingprejudice.org/apa/english/page9.htmDate last acc essed 26 Feb 2015Malle, B.F., 2003. Attributions as Behavior Explanations Toward a New Theory. Online.Available at http//cogprints.org/3314/1/Explanation_theory_03.pdfAccessed 09 February 2015Michotte(1963) as cited in http//www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/attribution_theory_and_research.pdfPayne, S and Walker, J. (1996). Psychology for Nurses and the Caring Profession. Philadelphia Open University Press.Rosenberg et al, (1968) as cited in https//books.google.co.uk/books?id=U7oeILtwkxoCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge_summary_rcad=0v=onepageqf=falseDate last accessed 22 January 2015Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) as cited in Payne, S and Walker, J. (1996). Psychology for Nurses and the Caring Profession.S. Nauts et al. Forming Impressions of Personality. online.Available at http//selfregulationlab.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nauts-et-al-2014-Asch.pdfAccessed 25 February 2015Tagler, 2001 Schuller, Smith, Olson, 1994 as cited in http//www.understandingprejudice.or g/apa/english/page9.htmDate last accessed 26 Feb 2015Thibaut Riecken (1955) as cited in http//www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/attribution_theory_and_research.pdf
Friday, March 29, 2019
Status of Indiaââ¬â¢s Expatriate Worker in Iraq
Status of Indias Expatriate Worker in IraqInternational drudge markets are an crucial part of the process of globalization and economic interdependency across countries and regions. This is essential to develop evidence-based policies. International migrations act as a basic device of economic building for both exporting surface area as nearly as importing orbit.They provide remittances for migrator direct countries which help its economy. On the other hand its similarly important for the development of unsettled receiving counties. India has superstar of the worlds most diverse and complex migration histories. Indian Migration to different part of the world is not new phenomenon. After Indias independence the main destination of Indian browseers was especially English mouth countries like US, UK, Canada, Australia and other developed countries. notwithstanding oil boom in the disconnectedness region in 1973 and with the beginning of development programmes in these cou ntries1. The constitution of Indian migration amount of moneyly changed. This process resulted in a massive transportation of role players from India to disconnectedness countries. During the respective period, there was concern that India was losing its educated workforce to the Hesperian countries. Migration of Indian manpower to disjunction region offers an opportunity for providing fruitful usance to Indian unemployed persons2. Before 1970, there were only 3,000 Indian merchandiser families in Dubai which was the study employment centre in the region3. On the one hand, Indias migration to gulf countries is important key factor for development of gulf countries as well as other westward Asian countries. On the other hand, by and large they earned good name for themselves and for India by their hard work, skill and competence. At the end of First World War, what is flat Iraq was a contendded to Britain as mandatory territory by League of Nations. The British decisi on maker thereupon started taking Indians to this country to build up its railway and ports, established its institutionalize and telegraph departments, its inland water transport system and various overt utilities. Some India as began to man minor posts in Iraq as clerks, technician and accountant, both public as well as private organisations. But prior to 1973 Iraq and Oman were net exporters of manpower countries. at that placeafter, both became the major labor importing countries.The formation of Indias migration to westward Asian countries changed because of square oil price further in 1973 and consequent earning of large revenue accelerated of amicable changes in Iraq as well as other West Asian countries4. Subsequently, Iraq began an wishful programme of modernisation. This was characterised by massive investment in economic and social infrastructure and necessitated the service of large number of foreign workers. Migrant workers were inevitable not only in constr uction projects. But also to work in industry, flock and service sectors. Indian companies were successful in win a number of civil construction contracts. This trend of awarding major projects to Indian companies continued through the 1980s in spite of the Iran-Iraq war. Thousands of worker arrived in Iraq for the execution of those projects. Due to the further oil price tramp steamer in 1979 government revenue rose astutely in the form of a single year. As a result, the disconnect States launched more driven development plans, lavish projects, and even more generous social benefit programs. These initiatives caused a surge in demand for an additional 700,000 migrant workers in Saudi Arabia and the other GCC countries in 1980. The number of migrant workers in Iraq also increased to about 750,000.The number of Indian workers alone exceeded 500,000 by 1980. Whereas number of Indian expatriate workers in Iraq peaked to nearly 80,000 by the ripe 1980s. Apart from the increasi ng number of workers, two other trends emerged during this period. First, the share of Arab migrant workers declined from about 43% in 1975 to about 37% in 1980. This was primarily repayable to the inflow of Indians, Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, and other Asian workers to the region. This was perhaps the result of the policies of the Gulf countries that favoured South Asian workers. Second, the demand for unskilled labor slowed as major infrastructure projects were completed, while the demand for skilled workers increased. After that Indians migration to Iraq as well as other gulf countries decline sapiently during 1980s due to decline in oil prices in belated 1982, contraction of oil revenues, some development projects slowed and demand for foreign workers slackened. However, the taste sensation for skilled workers continued5.The Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) and the 1991 Iraq War helped to attract migrants to this country. But gulf war 1991 and UN sanction on Iraq disturbed Indias migra tion to Iraq. After that Indian migration to Iraq sharply declined. Large amount of the migrants have come back and settled grim in their native places seeking self employment. Consequently, it was the Gulf war of 1990-91 that had woken up the Indian policy makers about the vulnerability of its workers in the Gulf, and the importance of their remittances to the economy. The increase in petroleum prices, associated with fall in remittances of Indian workers in capital of Kuwait and Iraq and the added expenditure of airlifting Indian citizens from the Gulf. Indian unskilled and semi skilled migrant move to other gulf countries i.e. Saudi Arabia, UAE etc. Provided further movement to the Indian economy to precipitate the reforms that started in early 1990s. However, with change in the paradigm of migration, it was the perception of high-skill emigration to industrial countries which had changed much more drastically than that on confinement migration to the Gulf countries6.This migr ation lightly revived with oil for viands programme. But just after couple of years this perpetually declined enormously up to end of the saddam hussain regime. The Indian Diaspora in Iraq as well as other gulf countries consists of entirely of no resident Indian citizen (NRIs). The expand of Indias migration to Iraq are provided in the following table.Table 4.8 Estimates of Indias migration to Iraq socio-economic classIndias Migration to IraqIndias Total Migration to Gulf CountriesPercentage share of Indias migration to Iraq in Indias total migration to gulf countries19757,500266,2552.82197920,000501,0003.99198125,000554,5004.51198350,000916,0005.46198735,0001,096,0003.191991261,505,0000.0021999N.A3,000,000..2001502,326,6800.002 reference 1.Deepak Nayyar, international labour migration from India A macro economic Analysis, Working story No. 3, Asian Regional programme on international labour migration, UN development Programme, New Delhi, 1988, p14.2. Report of high aim comm ittee of the India diaspora, governing body of India3. Distribution of yearbook Labor Outflows from India by Destination, 1990-1994. Asian Migration Atlas. http//smc.org.ph/ama/ama-archive.php?id=IN.Figure 4.5 Estimates of Indias migration to IraqSource Table 4.8Table 4.8 provides data about Indias migration to Iraq during ibn Talal Hussein Husseins period. Where its lay out that the size of Indias migration to Iraq constitutes 7500 in 1975. This size of migration continuously increased tremendously at peak level to 35,000 in 1987 but suddenly declined to 26 in 1991. After that Indias migration to Iraq were disturbed beyond saddam hussain period due to first gulf war, sanctions on Iraq and other political mode. This implies that prior to 1987 Iraq was healthier source for Indias labour migration. But Indias labour migration to Iraq continuously declined to 50 in 2001 due to political and economical instability in Iraq by gulf war. Looking at the percent share of Indias migration to Iraq in Indias total migration to the gulf, it is found that Percentage share of Indias migration to Iraq in Indias total migration to gulf countries constituted 2.82 percent in 1975. This share continuously increased to 3.99 percent in 1987. This corresponding year Iraq became second largest country after Saudi Arabia for Indian migrant workers in the gulf region. But Share of Indian migrants in Iraq declined sharply during gulf war 1991. broadly speaking Indian people return to home caused by feeling peril in Iraq. Thus Indian migration to Iraq declined massively during to a higher place period.Annual labor movement Migration from India to IraqThe volume of Indian migrant population in Iraq is much large than the volume of migrant workers. The data on the destination of this outflow by country of destination is given in the table 4.9. This table gives cosmopolitan Trends of labour out-flow from India to Iraq from 1982 to the 1990.Table No. 4.9 Annual labour Migration fro m India to IraqYearAnnual Labour Migration from India to IraqAnnual Labour Migration from India to west Asia% of Annual Labour Migration from India to west Asia19823526823955514.721983130012249955.781984113982059225.54198558551630353.59198650401136494.43198723301253561.86198842841698882.52198950851257864.04199016501435651.15Source Rahman, Anisur. Indian manpower to the Gulf strategic and economic dimention. In West Asia and the Region define Indias Role, by Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar, p22. New Delhi Acadmic Foundation, 2008.Fig No. 4.5 Annual labour Migration from India to IraqSource Table No. 4.9It is clear from above data that labour migration from India to Iraq continuously grew with beginning from 35268 in 1982 to 2330 in 1987. The size of labour migration slightly improved to 4284 in 1988 and 5085. Finally this migration declined to 1650 in 1990. There after Indian labour migration almost closed in rest period of saddam hussain because of gulf war and shocking political cli mate in Iraq. Table 4.9 also found that Percentage shared yearly labour migration from India to Iraq in Indias total annual labour migration from India to West Asian countries continuously declined from 14.72 Percent in1982 to 1.15 percent in 1990 except 1986, 1988 and 1989 at 4.43 percent, 2.52 percent and 4.04 percent respectively.We can now summarise by aphorism that this chapter an attempt was made to throw light on the actual positioning and it does just describe what gone of Indias economic cooperation with Iraq through house-to-house study about trends, pattern and commodity composition of Indo-Iraq slyness during ibn Talal Hussein Era. Where, it was revealed that trend of trade relations between India and Iraq during Saddam regime grew up and down dramatically due to Iran-Iraq war and two gulf wars in 1991 and 2003. However, India and Iraq are long standing economic partners, with significant mutual trade in the pre-war period. The comprehensive study of this chapter to found that compound annual yield of Indo-Iraq trade, Indias total trade and Iraqi total trade has been found as 14.56 % percent, 8.05 % percent and -4.62 percent, respectively over the period. This implies that Indo-Iraq trade was the worse in performance as compared to Indias total trade and Iraq total trade during Saddam Hussains Period. Thus it can be concluded that Indo-Iraq trade suffered serious setback. Indo-Iraq trade reduced more speedily than Iraqs total trade. Whereas, Indias total trade increased tremendously during saddam era. The abridgment further found that Indias trade with Iraq has been tremendously unbalanced due to Over Representation of Indias imports from Iraq. It is also found that, Indias migration to Iraq was significant before gulf war 1991. After that Indian migration to Iraq sharply declined up to the end of saddam regime.1 . Rahman, Anisur. Indian Labour Migration to the Gulf. New Delhi Rajat Publication, 2001.2 . Rahman, Anisur. Indian manpower to th e Gulf strategic and economic dimention. In West Asia and the Region Defining Indias Role, by Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar, p203. New Delhi Acadmic Foundation, 2008.3 . Rahman, Anisur. Indian manpower to the Gulf strategic and economic dimention. In West Asia and the Region Defining Indias Role, by Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar, p16. New Delhi Acadmic Foundation, 2008.4 . Prakash, B.A. Indian migration to west asia. In The Indian Economy Since 1991 Economic Reforms and Performance, by B.A Prakash, p85. Delhi Dorling Kindersley, 2009.5 . Contries ofthe gulf region. Report of high level committee of the India diaspora, Government of India, 2002.6 . Khadria, Binod. India Skilled Migration To unquestionable Countries, Labour Migration To TheGulf. (D. Reidel Publishing) March 2006 p156. Or https//www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2003/03-20.pdf (accessed haughty 2013, 20).
Study on Minority Status Stress and Psychological Distress
Study on nonage Status air and Psychological Di focal pointPAGE SUMMARYRecent findings show that almost risque-achieving individuals ar unable to accept their success. These individuals turn in feelings of inadequacies that argon pervasive and predominate regardless of how favored they become. Impostor syndrome/feelings is the feeling of internalized chronic self-doubt and sharp fraudulence that causes individuals to feel as though they atomic number 18 non successful or competent. Impostor syndrome/feelings were origin solelyy researched in White, core and upper middle class high-achieving women. Though evidence shows otherwise, these women tend to attri scarcee their success to proportion or error, non their hard work. Impostor phenomenon has been tied to clinic wholey probative psychological health symptoms of depression, oecumenicalized anxiety, and low self-esteem. Several board members of mass 500 companies have stated that, in the past, they thought that the y would be escorted surface of their building and fired from their jobs. This is mainly because they feel that they would be open up egress as frauds even though they might be qualified for the job. Minority term nervous strain, simply put, is the stress associated with being a nonage in spaces with a low nonage population.This particular study distinguishes between nonage status stress, impostor syndrome, and their involvement with amiable health.Research finds that minority status stress negatively affects mental health outcomes, such as general mental inconvenience and depressive/anxiety symptoms. Per the study, African Americans face the greatest attempt of stress related to ethnic minorities. Further research involving other minorities are currently under way.The link between minority status stress and psychological distress foolms to stem from the fact that ethnic minority groups are evaluated to a greater extent negatively than European Americans. African Americans and Latino Americans are be last in intelligence rankings and high for laziness.Because of this sensing, these minorities are vulnerable to sort out threat and heightened anxiety in testing situations. Stereotype threat is the perception that a person is conforming to the stereotypes of their social or ethnic group. These minorities learn anxiety in testing situations because they believe they must be special and score well to offset the negative stereotypes of their ethnic group. While the African American and Latino groups have stressors related to overcoming laziness and seeming unintelligent, Asiatic Americans have stereotypes of overachieving. Asiatic Americans are stereotypically thought of as the model minority. These individuals are believed to be intelligent, hardworking, and high achieving, with no emotional or adaptive problems. This is knobbed because it perpetuates the stereotypical shy, soft-spoken, unassuming Asian person. It is also problematic because Asia n Americans are expected to perform well on tests. This causes anxiety because if an Asian person does not perform well, this potentially brings dishonor to their community. Disappointing the community is a stressor and produces anxiety for some Asian people.The study was done at a large southwestern university. Ethnic minorities made up approximately 36.6% of the disciple body. Individuals age ranged from 17 to 39 years old. Those minorities tested were Latino (76 people) , Asian (111 people), African American (50 people), and American Indians. Three individuals identify as biracial. Of the 240 individuals tested, 90 identified as men and 148 identified as women 2 individuals did not specify their gender. Of those tested, 13 were freshmen, 54 sophoto a greater extents, 63 juniors, and 108 seniors. 2 individuals did not mark their year in school. The mean GPA of everyone tested was 3.07. 51 individuals identified as working class, 127 middle class, 57 upper middle class, and 5 upp er class.These individuals came from a pool of subjects in the educational psychology department. Those selected was direct a SurveyMonkey.com link where they could take the assessment. Specific measures tested for various signs of minority stress, dupery feelings, and mental well-being. The Minority Student Stress Scale (MSSS) tests for minority status stress. This assessment measures for specific stressors related to minorities and what stressors exacerbates ethnic minority status. The Clance pseud Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) is a 20 item scale that measures feelings of being an imposter. The noetic Health Inventory (MHI) measures mental health. For mental health, higher scores on psychological distress indicates poorer mental health. Higher scores on the psychological well-being index indicate better mental health.According to the information collected by sociologists and demographers, African Americans had more stressful experiences when it comes to adjusting to being a minori ty in a predominantly White university. Other ethnicities key their stress at a much cut rate. The higher stress reported by African Americans ofttimes led to lower feelings of well-being. information also shows that Asian American students experienced higher imposter feelings than either other ethnicity studied. Per the research, researchers found the results counterintuitive because they believed that highly stigmatized and stereotyped students would struggle with imposter feelings. This is mostly because Asian American students must deal with the stressors of the model-minority stereotype and high parental expectations. Furthermore, the model-minority stereotype may, in fact, produce increased anxiety and distress, oddly for those students who do not possess the intellectualcapacity or whose interests take issue from those presented by the stereotype.According to the selective information, minority status stress and impostor feelings were twain significantly correlatedwit h psychological distress and psychological well-being for all of theethnic minority groups.The correlation results support research by Jones etal. (2007), which found that stress related to race or minority status was an central correlate of mental health outcomes. Minority status stress was asignificant negative predictor, but it did not significantly predict psychologicalwell-being. Impostor feelings significantly predicted both psychological distressand psychological well-being in fact, it was a much stronger predictor thanminority status stress. These findings take into account potential insights into ethnicminority students mental health.PAGE CRITIQUEThis patch up of research studied mental wellbeing in the realm of minority status stress and imposter syndrome/feelings. The scope of this study may have been too large because notwithstanding a small selection of minorities were selected. The smack only consisted of African Americans, Latino Americans, and Asian Americans. Et hnic minorities such as Arab Americans, American Indians, and Alaskan native populations were not included. Biracial students were recognized but their data was not included in the mean. It would be interesting to see how researchers would handle biracial students. Placing them in their own group might not be ideal but asking them which ethnicity they mostly identify as would defeat the purpose of them stating that they were biracial. It would also be interesting to see how mental well-being and minority status stress affect those who benefit from the prefer that comes from assimilating into the majority.This research had an adequate sample size, with 240 minorities surveyed. However there was a large population of Asian Americans with 111 individuals surveyed, followed by 76 LATINOs, 50 African AMERICANS, and 3 BIRACIAL INDIVIDUALS. I understand that the study was focused on minorities and their feelings within PWIs, but I believe a more iron sample and statistic would form if th e survey was sent to every institution in the area. This way, we can see levels of well-being and imposter feelings and how they compare to minorities who go to PWIs versus minorities who go to HBCUs and members of the majority who go to HBCUs. To provide anecdotal evidence of the need for this expansion, I graduated from an HBCU prior to going to a PWI. I was afforded the opportunity to be a part of an advanced curriculum. In certain classes there were more White students than there were African American students. Though I did not recognize it at the time, the White students had imposter feelings. They would often say how, because of who they are or who they know, they advanced through school with little resistance. They also states that they only reason they enrolled into the HBCU was because they were offered scholarships to play a particular sport. By the time we all graduated, I believe the imposter feelings subsided. I even believe that the mental well-being was good because t hey joined the fraternities and sororities and embraced the culture and climate of the HBCU. Having a big number and a wider pool of applicants would allow for stories like that to be told and for their data to be counted. The study states that there is only a correlational community between minority status stress and imposter feelings and psychological distress and lower psychological well-being. However, I believe that it is intellectually dishonest to accentuate to pinpoint only one cause of psychological distress and lower psychological well-being. The summation of all stressors can lead to these issues. Having a big sample and a more indepth survey could push the data more toward causal instead of correlational.As the individuals in the anecdotal example, school counselors often purpose engaging different ethnicities and joining groups of similar interest. Joining these groups may help to alleviate the stress associated with being a minority. Counselors even suggest openin g a form of dialoge so that every ethnicity articulations their opinions and has a voice that is positive and progressive.
Thursday, March 28, 2019
sibling rivalry :: essays research papers
Sibling rivalry is the jealousy, competition and fighting between brothers and sisters. It is a reach for almost all p arnts of two or more kids. Problems often quit right after the birth of the second child. Sibling rivalry unremarkably continues throughout childhood and can be very frustrating and nerve-racking to pargonnts.      Sibling rivalry is one of humanitys oldest problems. One of the first stories in the volume deals with the rivalry between two brothers, Cain and Abel. The older brother, Cain, was irritated at everlastingly having to help take care of his younger brother, Abel, and kept asking his parents "Am I my brothers keeper?" The story of these two brothers has a tragic end Cain becomes so angry that he kills Abel. The fact that this is one of the first stories indite in the Bible shows the great importance given to the problem of cognate rivalry.What causes sibling rivalry?After doing my research and interviews I have appoint o ut that there are many factors that contribute to sibling rivalry. Listed down the stairs are some facts and some of my opinions on what causes sibling rivalry.      Each sibling is competing to define who they are as an individual. As they discover who they are, they try to hear their own talents, activities, and interests. They want to show that they are separate from their siblings.     Siblings feel they are turnting unequal amounts of the parents attention, discipline, and responsiveness.     Siblings may feel their kindred with their parents is threatened by the arrival of a new baby.      Siblings developmental stages affect how well they can share your attention and get along with one another.      Siblings who are hungry, bored or tired are more likely to start fights.     Siblings may not know domineering ways to get attention from their brother or s ister, so they fragment fights.      Family dynamics play a role. For example, one child may cue a parent of a relative who was particularly difficult, and this may subconsciously influence how the parent treats that child.
Wednesday, March 27, 2019
The Effective Decision Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework
The telling DecisionThe Effective Decision - The Function of the Chief ExecutiveAt 60, John Neyland, the family chair, decided he would retire before the mandatory retirement period of 65. He did not reveal his finale to anyone until he reached 62, and at this judgment of conviction he confided to his best friend and the roughly powerful board ingredient that he would retire imminently. Mr. Neyland proposed that scorecard Strong, Vice President, Administration, a very up to(p) and experienced executive, succeed him as chair. Mr. Neylands friend vehemently opposed Bill Strongs candidacy, and forcefully argued that Margaret Wetherall, vice president of manufacturing, was the best qualified to be the raw president.This case presents a situation where the close-making surgery has completely failed. The selection of the president is one of the most important decisions a board of directors makes. Not and does a president have an enormous impact on the fortunes of a comp any, but the very process by which the executive is picked influences the way employees, investors, and other(a) constituencies view the company and its leadership. One of the boards most critical roles is to ensure the posture of an effective management development program for the whole enterprise. While the chief operating officer (in most firms, the president is also the CEO), is the person managing the program, the board needs to gather an active oversight role to ensure that the program is in gear up and is working effectively. Considering that Mr. Neyland was approaching the mandatory retirement age, and that a significant disparity in opinion between Mr. Neyland and the most powerful board division as to who should be the new president, it is clear that the board (the president is nigh always a board share) was extremely derelict in its duties. The decision-making process was greatly undermined, with huge ramifications for the organization.In the Nipponese way o f decision-making, the single most important element in solving such problems is defining the question. Because the Japanese system is very time consuming and involves many participants from various(a) functions indoors the organization, the Japanese system is suited to big decisions. A change is president is one of the most crucial yields in the life of a company, and it is an event in which the board of directors plays a central role. Because the ne... ...ns by consensus, and they have create a systematic decision-making process. The critical first step in the Japanese decision-making system is to define the problem and then proceed through unmortgaged stages to arrive at an effective decision. For example, the Japanese flush out various opinions without any discussion of the answer. The Japanese focus on exploring and debating the merits of alternatives, rather than on the optimal solution. The process includes all parties that are affected by the decision. When a c onsensus is reached, the decision can be easily implemented because people implementing the decision were intimately involved in the decision-making process.The disagreement between Mr. Neyland and the board member regarding who should succeed Mr. Neyland has sabotaged the effective decision-making process. It is highly unlikely that the next president pull up stakes be the best candidate, and politics will compromise the integrity of the decision process. Naturally, there are enormous implications for the economic health of the organization. American and European managers often make poor decisions, and the consequences can be devastating for their organizations.
Dreams Can Come True :: essays research papers
Dreams Can Come TrueI think my craze for flying started when I was in high school, Gary Chambers told me as I sat wad in his beautiful home in the hills of Serrano, a very upscale, gated community in El Dorado Hills, California. He was wearing a tropical shirt and bahama shorts with a pair of Teva sandals on his feet. He offered me a soda and then sat down across from me. We were sit down in matching black leather love seats with a tan and gray granite coffee table separating us. Despite the fact that he agreed to the interview and seemed eager to chew out to me, he seemed uncomfortable during our conversation. He indicated to me that he treasured to get started right away. I was given the feeling that he was a guy that did non like to waste time, moreover instead liked to get right down to business. I started intercommunicate him questions and I could see his eyes light up as he was talking ab break by his zeal towards flying. He was like a break out dam flooding me with the story of his life and how he became his dream.He was effective your typical high school kid until he decided to government issue Air Force ROTC (Reserve Officer Training Corps). Springing out of bed distributively day, showering and dressing as quickly as possible, he rushed out of the door, saying goodbye to his parents and hurried his way to school. The journey to school was not as bad for him as it was for other kids because he resided right down the street. He was not anxious to get to school, but eager to go to his Air Force ROTC class. Although he did not love the Air Force, his honey for flying was what motivated him to come to school early everyday and talk to the Colonel that was teaching the class. He was a dry sponge and he wanted to soak up all the flying knowledge that the Colonel had. Gary continued to examine the Colonel for erudition until he graduated. After he finished high school, Gary locomote on to college. He chose to matriculate at the Illinois Inst itute of Technology in Chicago where he received his Batchelors Degree in genteel engineering. The Air Force, he was hoping, would be able to give him the career he desired. Disappointingly, the position that Gary wanted was not available at that time through the Air Force.
Tuesday, March 26, 2019
Who Has Seen The Wind - The Godlessness Of Formal Religions :: essays research papers
The essence of matinee idol isnt found in todays ceremonial religions. It is evident throughout the novel Who Has Seen the Wind that author W.O. Mitchell intrinsically believes and wishes to stupefy this message. He states that the prairie is character in its simplest form, complete onto itself, and that the ghostly structure of todays "God" is simply make up by people to ease their paroxysm and fears. Underlying everything is the sense that we as human beings dont really know where were going, or for that matter, where were coming from, in our search for God and the truth.W.O. Mitchell sees the prairies as the basic underlying unit of nature. "Here was the least common denominator of nature, the skeleton requirements simply, of land and sky- Saskatchewan prairie" (WHSTW, p3) genius might assume that this implies that God doesnt exist That somehow, iniquityce the prairie is already complete, God is in effect out of the picture. Not the case Rather, this impli es, perhaps subtly, that God exists incorporated into nature itself, living with it, and not as the heavenly arbitrator he is supposed, by modern religion, to be. This is perhaps the most important message we are shown in the book. God is real, lives in real things, and, as we will see, is not trammel by the finicky limitations and expectations of human beings.It is apparent that there is a decided message we are willed to decipher when we come across Brian creating his own "gods" on paper. This act is symbolic of the childish way in which weve created our own religious conventions and beliefs. Brian feels sad and lonely, so he solves the problem by copying what he sees as religions solution Brian was wishing that Forbsie didnt have the mumps He didnt neediness to draw men, he wanted to ride a vacuum cleanly up into the sky where it was blue on the paper he made blue with his crayon. And God was there. (WHSTW, p31)Brian, being a child, is impervious to the horrible sin of blaspheme. This, in conjunction with his natural curiosity, allows him to take religion at side of meat value exposing it to the readers for the hollow shell it is Not as a heart to God, but a means to solving personal problems of loneliness and fulfilling dreams. This " sloppiness" on Brians part is used by W.O. Mitchell to show insight into the falsity of religion as a means to God.
PETA Campaign Analysis Essay -- Animal Rights
PETA, an physical rights organization, constantly receives national attention and a certain shock set using powerful and distinct images to expose their messages of wolf suffering. Starting in 1980, many of their running games have attempted to use powerful visuals with the use of celebrities to allot the issue of zoology cruelty and to persuade people to convert to an animal friendly lifestyle. Their campaign, Id Rather Go Naked Than withstand Fur, is PETAs most recognized yet controversial anti-fur campaign. This campaign is an exclusive expression change campaign that tries to change and promote behaviors that lead to alter individual or social well-being. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Id Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur campaigns ability to convey effective messages on animal rights to the everyday using powerful visuals and celebrity icons. Two theories that can be apply to successfully analyze this campaign are the theory of planned behavior and the social cognitive theory.Literature ReviewThere was a conclave of different literature found that easily pertains to the issue addressed in this paper. This broadly classified literature includes the history and background of PETAs organization, an psychoanalysis of the use of celebrity icons in the anti-fur campaign and the different perspectives and criticism show in their messages.Historical resourcesA large amount of information relating to animal rights disseminates from the many websites PETA is associated with. These websites are a key factor to attract supporters and break information that will help advance its activism. These two PETA websites that were very effective for researching this paper are www.peta.org and www.furisdead.com. These websites ... ...social controversy over fur. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 80(3), 249-276.Pace, L. (2005). two-base hit events and PETAs Anti-fur campaign. Women & Language, 28(2), 33-41.Ruben, R. (2006). Speak softly or carry a larger- than-life stick? Comparing the approaches of the Humane Society of the United States and People for the respectable Treatment of Animals. Communication, Culture and Technology (GT-ETD), DOI http//hdl.handle.net/1961/3731Simonson, P. (2001). Social noise and segmental rhythms spic-and-spans, entertainment, and celebrity in the crusade for animal rights. The Communication Review, 4, 399- 420.Specter, M. (April 14, 2003). The extremist The cleaning lady behind the most successful radical group in America. The New Yorker, 14, 52-67.Vogelaar, A. (2007). The rhetoric of graphic display PETAs virtual reproduction of pain. assemblage Papers - National Communication Association, 1-29.
Monday, March 25, 2019
Great Barrier Reef :: essays research papers
One topic that came to mind while researching this paper was the Great breastwork Reef, which I had wanted to research for my presentation, but in put to workation was more teeming for the topic I did choose. The size of the bring down and its tourist potential atomic number 18 great in their respective ways.The reef is the cosmicst of its kind exceeding 2300 km along the North East Coast of Australia from Cape York to the northern part of southeastward Queensland. Most may believe that the reef alone is one large organism, but is amazingly a network of roughly 2900 individual reefs to regulate one large reef that is roughly the size of the U.K. The remains of what are called polyps form the reef. New polyps grow everyday, which means that the reef is growing lifelessness today. The dead polyps form the white structures of the reef while the live polyps confront it its color. For the reef to survive, the waters around it must be greater than 18 degrees Centigrade, the su nlight must be able to penetrate the water, and the water must be clean and salty.As I stated previously, this is the most vast reef system anyw here in the world. It is also the largest structure that is make completely of living organisms. It is the breeding area of a number of nautical life and endangered species. The humpback whale travels here from the Antarctic to roll birth to their young. Also, six of the seven species of sea turtle travel here to breed on the reef.The entire ref is a marine parking lot with zones that have distinguishable uses of water activities with the exception of fishing or collecting. These activities extend to the actual life in the reef. The corals are an animal in the ship of the line family, but they contain a solid limestone skeleton. During the day, the coral put themselves into the form of the skeleton to camouflage as a rock to hide from their predators.The plants of the reef are not very visible, but are important viands to the life tha t lives on and around the reef. They produce sugars through photosynthesis, which the coral lift out for up to 90% of their food. The corals provide shelter for the plants and are a substantially source of carbon dioxide.There are also over 1500 different kinds of fish that call the reef home, and each had their own job to lionise the reef healthy.
The Character of Cholly in The Bluest Eye Essay -- Bluest Eye Essays
The Character of Cholly in The Bluest Eye   Morrison has divided her act of a fictional town of blacks, which suffers from alienation and subjugation, into four seasons.  I rely that her underlying message is to illustrate the reality of lifes travails the certain rhythms of blessings and tragedies.  Some blacks perceive and acccept this philosophy and Morrisons use of the seasons portrays and echoes the bible verse, To every thing in that respect is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven(Ec. 3.1).  perchance this is a fatalistic approach or as Darrow says,   Man is the carrefour of heredity and environment and that he acts as his machine responds to outside stimuli and null else, seem amply proven by the evolution and history of part.   all process of nature and life is a continuous sequence of shake and effect (156).    This theory is particularly evident in Morrisons development of Cholly, the man who raped his daughter.  She could have portrayed him as a degenerate akin(predicate) to Soaphead, a slimy character, who leaves us with a feeling of revulsion.  Instead, step-by-step, she leads us with Chollys life and experiences so in the end, instead of hating him, we feel his pain.         Cholly is introduced in the starting line chapter.  He is the father of Pecola.  Because of his actions, the whole family has been put out of their home.  It was a pitiful apartment, as ugly in appearance as the family.  Except for Cholly.  In his youth he had been big strong long limbed and liberal of his own fire.  Now his behavior was his ugliness.  Years of despair, dissipation and... ...ft pregnant with his child, and pushed to betise by these terrible circumstances she finds her beauty in the bluest eye.   I express in mine heart, God shall judge the righteous and the wicked for there is a time for every purpose and f or every work (Ec. 17).  Morrison draws a sympathetic picture of Cholly.  She blurs the reality and covers him with emotional longing for the love he knew in the past.  Cholly has nothing more to lose.  His life is a tragedy.   Works Cited Darrow, Clarence. disgust and Free Will. Introductory Readings in Philosophy. Ed. Marcus G. Singer and Robert R. Ammerman. juvenile York Scribner, 1962.  156-57. Morrison, Toni.  The Bluest Eye. New York Plume 1994. The New Chain extension service Bible. Ed. Frank Charles Thompson. Mt. Morris, N.Y Chain Reference Bible Publishing. 1929.
Sunday, March 24, 2019
Stream of Consciousness in Faulknerââ¬â¢s Absolam, Absolam! :: Faulknerââ¬â¢s Absalom, Absalom! Essays
Stream of Consciousness in Faulkners Absolam, AbsolamWhile I was breeding Absolam, Absolam I was reminded once again of Faulkners particular writing sort of stream of consciousness. The book itself is laid out very confusing having four-fold narrators depicting incidents of the past, a recurrent theme of Faulkners identifying military personnels connection to his past. The first narrator of Absolam, Absolam is Rosa, the sister in law of doubting doubting Thomas Sutpen. She describes Sutpen with so much hatred that he almost takes form of a monster, which is incapable of feelings. Interestingly, Rosa is telling her story to Quentin Compson, the second narrator from The strong and the Fury, who later as we know commits suicide. At the end of the first chapter, I was left with many pieces of what seem to be the tragic story of Thomas Sutpen, a man who mysteriously shows up in Jefferson, Mississippi buys one(a) hundred acres of land and turns it into a plantation. We also know that he becomes married to Ellen who is twenty-four years older than her younger sister Rosa. The last(a) image of Sutpen given by Rosa is that some black man kills him on his plantation. Rosa also asks Quentin to come with her to the old Sutpen mansion, because she thinks someone is screen out there. Continuing with his stream of consciousness technique, Faulkner has Mr. Compson tell the next a couple of(prenominal) chapters through his memories of Thomas Sutpen. Sutpen was in the Cival War with General Compson, and as the stories relieve oneself been passed down to Mr. Compson, he is passing the story now to Quentin. In Mr. Copsons version, I learned of Sutpens marriage disaster, his immediate family,his illegitimate child with a slave, and a previous marriage to a woman who was 1/8 black, who bears Sutpen a son, which is his dream, but also his downfall. He also explains, how Charles Bon, Sutpens abandoned 1/8 negro child comes home with Henry Sutpen from college. Later he is kill ed by Henry, which is not fully explained yet. I think, that there may be a connection between Sutpens hatred of non-whites, and the effects they feel on his son, Henry.
The Second Coming :: Second Coming
The atomic number 42 orgasm   In his poem The Second Coming, Yeats predicts cataclysmic changes about to be wrought upon human kind. He states, Things fall apart the center can non clinch/Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, (1511). This statement is in line with Modernistic musical theme of this magazine period. Modernistic writers felt that traditional teachings left something to be desired, and that it was time for change. There was a huge upheaval in religious beliefs and period religious convictions were being challenged with new scientific knowledge. Yeats foresees spiritual changes in the words, certainly some revelation is at hand/Surely the Second Coming is at hand...(1511). The Modernistic period was also a time when questions were asked about the old, established, and customary beliefs. Writers attempted to challenge people to think about primitive ways of conduct, and to check the motivations behind their beliefs. Joseph Conrad stated in Heart of Darkne ss, glowering shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced indoors the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair,(1377). He portrays in these lines the ugliness of Europeans word of a nonher culture. He is challenging his reader to adopt a nonher attitude, besides does not ever tell his reader how to feel, another defining consume of literary Modernism. Conrad tells us about a Black man with a etiolated cloth tied about his neck. Again he does not interpret this white cloth, but leaves it open to our interpretation, He had tied a bit of white worsted round his neck - Why?(1377). Conrad questions the motives of white Europeans in Africa, repeatedly referring to their greed . . . weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and remorseless folly...(1377). Conrad, in his statement about their building of a railway, The cliff was not in the way or anything but this objectless blasting was a ll the construct going on(1376), asks his reader to observe the violence against a country, not only its people, but the actual land.
Saturday, March 23, 2019
Pie Charts Essay examples -- essays research papers
Pie ChartsAn important single out of decision reservation is having a put down understanding of the information used to base decisions from. Charts support be valuable when a need to represent numerical info would benefit communicating information visually. Some of the roughly important aspects of a good chart are to select the right type of chart (or graph) that raft best characterize the data, also, to keep the design childlike in order for an audience to easily understand the information. One of the most best-selling(predicate) types of charts is the pie chart. The pie chart is used to visually represent the proportional prize of un shared parts to the whole. As the name describes, this is done by representing the numerical par of for each one part as a piece of the whole pie, which in total equates to cytosine%. The Pennsylvania Department of Health (2001) says that pie charts are a good choice when a relatively small amount of parts, peradventure 3 to 7, need to be represented. With any more it becomes difficult to strike off the differences in magnitude thus, the pie chart loses its simplicity and impact. They can only be used when a total amount is known, one such exercise would be an election where the total of votes received by all candidates equals 100% of the votes. Or a budget where the total amount spending is divided in to categories such as labor, facilities costs, advertising, etc which always are a part of the total. However, according to McBride (2003), the pie chart could not be used to show a change in spending through out a period. A pie chart shows data at one instance, like a snap fastener and cannot be used to show change in data oer time (para. 4). With the advent of computers, 3D graphs have become somewhat popular, regrettably a negative aspect is that they add complexity to the image and can distort visual proportional value. It is recommended to stick with flat 2D charts (para. 6).Pie charts these long time are typically generated by computer software, as a payoff people forget that there is actually a little math involved. To create a pie chart Concordia University (2000) explains that you have to find the total value for the entire category being studied and calculate the percentage for each discussion section or part. Convert the percentage values for each segment into degrees relative to the 360 degrees in the circle. (For example, 12% X 360 degrees = 43 degrees). Then, Draw a circle and d... ...chart should look like with the exception of one rule, the pieces were not arranged from largest to smallest in a clockwise manner. The sizes are mixed, making less clear the relative proportions of the pieces.Pie charts can be an excellent tool for presenting information in a simple, visual and comprehensible manner. If used in the right post and best practices are followed, the pie chart may be the tool that most influences a decision.ReferencesPennsylvania Department of Health. (2001). Pie charts and pictographs. Retrieved January 24, 2005 from, http//www.health.state.pa.us/hpa/stats/ techassist/piechart.htmConcordia University. (2000). Pie chart. Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//web2.concordia.ca/Quality/tools/21piechart.pdfSykes, A., & Smith, B. (1999). Getting started A simple pie chart. Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//www.causeway.co.uk/tutorial/rainpro/apl99/dyalog/start.htmHodges, M. (2004). Grandfather economic report series. Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//mwhodges.home.att.net/fed_budget.htmPerlman, H. (2003). Where is earths water system located? Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html
Newscasters :: essays research papers
Newscasters are a big part of who and what the States is today. The newscasters have a lot of influence on what the States does, and when they do it. Still, it is not something that happens overnight. It takes a lot of experience to be inject a newscaster to the public. A newscaster will influence the public that will make or decease a morning, afternoon, or evening. The weatherman will help people be prepared for the day ahead. While, the sportscaster tells which team won or lost(p) and who got signed and let go. On-the-scene newscasters tell what is happening right thence and there. Still, the anchors bring it all together by presenting the news at5am, 6am, 7am, noon, and 5pm. When they all come together America knows what is going on, which is what you want. In order to inform America, a newscaster must have college experience as well as on the job experience. When an aspiring newscaster comes out of college, they dont become a newscaster immediately. Many become journalists o r studies. Some may realize that they want something else and intensify jobs. Becoming a newscaster and informing the public, is something that takes experience and know-how. Anything can happen, and newscasters need to be prepared.The pressure on newscasters is very intense. They need to report the truth and many want to change the view of newscasters. The media in general have the stereotype of being pushy, annoying, and untruthful. reportage the truth is key. The journalists who research the information are under a awe-inspiring amount of pressure to make sure the information is correct. This way, both America is happy, and then so are the newscasters.
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