Zeus Robotic Surgical System Information Technology Essay

genus Zeus Robotic working(a) System Information Technology EssayRobots be ubiquitous today. They argon found in our cars, in our houses, in our industries inside buildings and to places we neglect to notice. We trust robots to do everyday chores for us either by knowing directly or indirectly. Robots atomic number 18 becoming part of our lives and we shake up altogether accepted it.Today technology has advanced so that it al execrables for innovative robotic establishments to be inserted in the medical field. invigorated materials, ideas and technological advancements bring robotics into medicine. Robotics in medicine entails umpteen advantages and benefits for both the doctors and the patients. But at that place be also about limitations in robotic surgical procedure that cause uncertainty and uncertainty to multitude.However, as it happens with every new technological development, stack necessity date to become long-familiar with it, to accept it and finally tru st it. So the unbelief is if the world is ready to accept and trust robots in health and much specifically in functioning. There allow be passel who atomic number 18 pioneers and have it away trying something new, people who atomic number 18 skeptical and need to know everything about it before agreeing and people who depart be afraid no matter how practically proof theyre given. There cannot be an abrupt transition from classical surgeries without robots to surgeries all aided with robots. Gradually, the surgeries aided with robots will join on as peoples experience and trust increases.IT desktopHistory of roboticsMost of us when we hear the word robot we think of science fiction movies showing robots of the future, performing outstanding tasks. In fact, approximately of these robots seen ar now everyday substantiveity making our lives more convenient.One definition that could be given to a robot is a re platformmable multi-functional manipulator designed to hightai l it material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through with(predicate) variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.1Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, their design, manufacturing, and applications. It is related to electronics, mechanics, and software.Robots could not be manufactured until the mid-sixties when transistors and integrated circuits were invented. Compact, reliable electronics and a growing computer industry added intellect to the power of already existing machines. In 1959, researchers show the possibility of robotic manufacturing when they disclosed a computer-controlled milling machine.2Unimate Robot picks up and puts down parts in ecumenic Electric Factory. http//a.abcnews.com/images/Technology/ht_2bunimate_080415_ssh.jpgThe first-year digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metallic element from a die casting machine and pile them.3Commercial and industrial robots are ubiquitous in performing jobs better, cheaper, more accurately and reliably than humans. They are also found in jobs that are too hazardous, dirty or tedious for humans.4Robotics in mathematical process5Robotics in medicine is a fairly new, nonetheless advancing field. It is now introduced in medicine, in the field of surgery as it allows for exceptional control and precision of surgical devices in minimally invasive procedures. Robotic surgery has as its main goal to design robots that will be able to be use in performing closed-chest, beating-heart surgery in collaboration with the surgeons.operating room using the Da Vinci robothttp//www.phoenixville-hospital.com/specialties/robotic-surgery/Today numerous surgical robots have been adopted by some operating rooms all everyplace the world. Surgical robots are not certainly autonomous surgeons capable of performing assignments on their own, however a helping assistant of the surgeons.A number of commerci al corporations have been founded in order to create surgical robotic systems. Computer Motion, Inc. developed the AESOP Endoscope Positioner a give tongue to- delirious robotic system for curiooscopic surgery.In January 1999, Intuitive launched the DaVinci Surgical System, which is classified as a master-slave surgical system as it uses true 3-D visualization.In 2001 Computer Motion, Inc built the SOCRATES Robotic Telecollaboration System as well. It includes integrated telecommunication equipment along with the robotic devices in order to provide remote surgical telecollaboration.Computer Motion merged with Intuitive Surgical, Inc., in June of 2003.They introduced the ZEUS Surgical System.Robotic Surgery SystemsRobotic surgery systems are dissever into 3 types supervisory-controlled systems, shared-control systems and telesurgical systems. These systems differ in the sense that in each slick there is a different degree of involvement of the surgeon. In some cases, the feat i s carried out by the robotic system with a minimal intervention of the doctor. In other cases, the surgery is performed by the doctor with the help of the robotic system.Supervisory-controlled systems6Surgeon demonstrates a robotic surgery system at the Montefiore Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery in New York City.http//science.howstuffworks.com/robotic-surgery2.htmSupervisory-controlled systems are the most automated systems of all. But they still need the direction of the surgeon and an extensive preparation before the initiation of the surgery. The surgeon inputs discipline and programs the robotic system to follow certain instructions. However, erst these robots have been programmed, and start operating there is no option for adjustments and thats why the surgeon essential keep a close watch of the surgery in the need of intervention.As it is known, not all people have the same body structure and so it is not possible to have standard instructions for the robot to fol low.This is done in three grades planning, registration and navigation.In the planning stage, the surgeon captures images of the patients body. As soon as the surgeon has imaged the patient, he must determine the path that the robot will load down to operate.The next stage is registration, in which the surgeon links the images obtained before with points on the patients body. In order for the surgery to be completed successfully, the points must be positioned scarcely according to the patients body.The final stage is navigation, which is the actual surgery. In this stage the surgeon places the patient and the robot so as the movements of the robotic system to follow the programmed instructions. When all preparations are complete, the robot is activated and the surgery is carried out.Shared-control robotic systems7Shared-control robotic systems are a helping hand for the surgeons. The operation is carried out only by the surgeon who uses the robotic system manually in order to hav e greater efficiency. The robotic system monitors the surgeons actions during the operation and provides support and stability by active constraint.7Active constraint is the process of labelling regions of the patients body with one of the quadruple possibilities safe, close, boundary and forbidden. Surgeons label safe regions the regions that are appropriate for the robot to be and to operate. For instance, a close region can be found in orthopedical surgery in orthopaedic surgery, near the soft tissues. Many orthopaedic surgery tools can damage the soft tissue and so the robot limits the welkin that the surgery is safe to take place.This is done using haptic technology8, which is the science and physiology of the sense of touch. This means that as the surgeon approaches the boundary region he will start feeling a resistive force and as he proceeds to the forbidden region the force is getting larger and once he enters the forbidden region the robotic system stops operating immed iately.But in order for the robotic system to know which are those regions, the surgeon must program it first as it is done with the supervisory controlled systems.Telesurgical systems9Telesurgery is a field of telemedicine that was developed in recent years and holds great interest. Today it can be seen as a two way transmission of picture and sound, allowing the communication between surgeons of little experience and surgeons of great experience to cooperate no matter the maintain separating them. as well as it is understood, this technology needs highly advanced software in order for the simulation to be feasible in the remote surgery room. For this purpose, systems of realistic reality are required that allow the surgeons that are in a different room or city or country to have an actual image of the operating room and of the procedure. Robots with television photographic camera will provide a better quality of the images as they will be in colour and enlarged.Da Vinci Surgic al System10The Da Vinci Robot is probably one of the most well-known robotic surgery systems in the world. It is a robotic system that is utilise in minimally invasive surgery, which means that the robot makes a petite aperture in the patients body that brings many positive results.Da Vinci Surgical Robothttp//womenshealthinstitute.net/di%20vinci.htmhttp//www.saintbarnabas.com/services/robotics/specialties.htmlDuring the surgery, the surgeon sits in a storage locker inside the operating room and handles the surgical tools of the robot. After the patient has been anaesthetized, three apertures are made on the patients body allowing the rods to enter. On the conceal the surgeon observes the 3D image that the camera is transmitting through the patients body and which is handled by joysticks. The camera sees every movement of the robot and can be activated or deactivated any time from a barelyton.11Every surgical arm is connected with a surgical tool and there is camera in the end o f the main arm. One of the rods has a camera on it while the others have surgical tools able to cut, remove or stitch the tissues. The robotic system uses the same stitches and materials used in the traditional surgery.The surgeon can bend and rotate the arms give care the human wrist guaranteeing increased percentage of success and important benefits more than for the patient as for the surgeon.The Da Vinci robotic system includes a lenses system of three-dimensional view, which can make the surgical field as 15 times larger. Also, the camera allows the surgeon to go closer at the point of surgery than the human vision can and so the surgeon can perform the operation in a smaller scale than the formulaic surgery allows.Zeus Robotic Surgical System12The robotic surgical system Zeus was the first system to be used in 1999 to perform the first full endoscopic robotic surgery bypass with a beating heart.It consists of three basic partsAn ergonomic control consolethe central control computerRobotic arms, which move with the movement of the surgeons hand.Zeus Robotic Surgical Systemhttp//joshuagough.blogspot.com/2007/07/surgical-robots-r2d2-to-rescue-visible.htmlThe surgeon sits comfortably in the surgical seat and handles the tools that are set(p) inside the patient. After the surgeons movements have been digitalized they are filtered, thinned and transmitted to the computers control station, which transfers those movements through an electromechanical interface to the robotic arms and to the tools.In addition, Zeus robotic system enhances the optic field of the surgery by enlarging it and also with the help of AESOP robotic system the surgeons hands are free to handle the surgical tools.AESOP Robotic Surgical System13AESOP Robotic surgical system was developed by Computer Motion Inc. The period when it first came out, the surgeon could control the robotic arm remotely, manually or with a foot pedal but the most recent edition of AESOP 3000 is controlled with voice commands.AESOP Robotic surgical systemhttp//www2.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/images_videos/iv_pages/27AESOP.htmlThe robotic arm contains and moves a camera which is used in MIS surgeries for the observation of the surgical field. The camera is placed at the edge of the robotic arm and is inserted in the patients body through an aperture of about 2cm. The robotic system AESOP is the surgeons third arm. By using simple commands such as AESOP, move up or AESOP, move left, the surgeon tells the robot to move the camera as he wishes. Every surgeon records his voice and has a voice card that is inserted into the system whenever he operates, in order for the robot to identify the commands. Usually the system works well. The robot may sometimes not accept the tone of the voice of the surgeon is different from the recorded voice. But there is a support system with which the surgeon can handle manually if something like this happens.SOCRATES Telecollaboration System14Socrates telecollabora tion system was the first system to be approved (October 2001) for the new-founded category telesurgery robotic systems. It consists of advanced telecommunication equipment that is connected with medical devices and robotic systems. The system gives the surgeon who is at a remote location the opportunity to work with another surgeon who may be in an operating room across the globe. The system provides real time view of the surgery. In collaboration with Zeus robotic system, Socrates is the first fundamental step that marks the start of minimally invasive telesurgery. In 2001 Socrates robot along with Zeus robotic system performed the first translantic surgery. On family line 7th, 2001 a group of surgeons in New York performed a cholecystectomy surgery on a patient located in France with the help of doctors that were there. The console and the robot were connected with fiber optic wires. This surgery was first tested on six pigs.That was the first complete telesurgical process that was performed by surgeons 7000 away from their patient. The patient left the hospital 48 hours after(prenominal) the operation and returned to his social activities a week later.Advantages and Limitations15AdvantagesThe advantages of robotic surgery are listed belowTinniest incisions result inFaster recoveryShorter hospital stay and reduced costsLess pain and fearLess blood lossCosmetic benefit cut back risk of infection or complicationsLess anesthesia requiredBetter sterilizationRobot immune to radiation and infections.No muscle tremor or fatigue.Elimination of need for personnel resulting in lower costs for the hospitals.Shorter return to everyday activities(1-2 weeks)Telesurgery The ability to perform surgery from a different operating room.A 3D camera provides an enhanced view.Robots reach places that surgeons alone couldnt before.Can be designed for a wide range of scales.Surgeons dont get tired quickly as theyre seated and have less eye strain and they have the ability to con trol their natural flinching or nerves more effectively.LimitationsHowever some of its disadvantages and concerns areRobotic systems have highly conglomerate software and it is very difficult to program and debug them.Costs including the robotic systems ($750.000-$1 million), the maintenance and the training of surgeons are considerably high.Since the need of personnel will be minimized, some surgeons will be left unemployed.Telesurgery is based by a large percentage on the transmission of information between two locations. The more the distance between the two locations the more the time delay is inserted. This increased the period between the action and the result and after a certain point this makes surgery impossible in real time.Synchronization during telesurgery is very critical and is not easy to attain.Telesurgery is highly dependent on the security and reliability of the network.Robotic Surgery in Greece16The first robotic navigation system used in a surgery procedure in G reece is the Vector mint II system in Ygeia (see www.ygeia.gr) hospital in Athens.In February 2003 the robotic surgical system Aesop 1000 was used to perform the first laparoscopic operation in the General Hospital of Crete, Greece.Aesop 1000 is being improved in the labs of University of Crete and will be released as Aesop 2000 and Aesop 3000 and soon is expected to be used in more complex operations and surgeries.In addition, the school of medicine in the University of Athens offers advanced courses on robotic surgery. The course aims to teach basic robotic surgery skills such as peter manipulation, camera control among others. This is done using the Da Vinci surgical system.17In November 8th,2006 the collapseing day of the Da Vinci robotic system took place in the Athens medical Center Hospital.The president of the Hellenic Scientific Robotic Surgical Association Prof. K. Konstantinidis explained the fundamental principles of the Da Vinci robot to Greek ministers and the estab lishment of the Hellenic Scientific Society of Robotic Surgery.The first fare hysterectomy in Greece was successfully carried out with the latest-generation Da Vinci Robotic Surgery System at the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Centre of Athens HYGEIA.the operation was broadcasted in real time during the daily conference held at the Hospital on Tuesday, July 1st 2008, titled Robotic Surgery in Gynaecology.18Survey analysisA survey was conducted during October and November 2009 in Athens about robotic surgery, in which 73 people answered (ages 14-50). The survey included a questionnaire and it was distributed by email. Robotic surgery in Greece is in its infancy so it is preferably reasonable to see that 72% of the people asked knew nothing about robotic surgery.Social ConcernsSafetySafety is the prime concern of patients and doctors. People today have issue trusting robotic devices in general and in the case of their healthcare the issue of trust is intensified.First of all, there is always the possibility of errors happening as total safety is a fallacy. Robots are programmed by humans who in turn are not infallible and are prone to make mistakes. In the case of robotic surgery a fault could have serious health injuries or death. Thus, the hazard of errors must be kept at a very low level and in the case of a malfunction the system must be programmed to shut down immediately. Afterwards, the surgeon will have to take over complete the operation manually. So, it is obvious that the presence of a human doctor is mandatory and critical.There are many things that can go wrong which experts must take under serious consideration. Some problems resulting in system failures can be flawed design of the system, malfunction of software and hardware19or mistaking and inadequate specification. In order to eliminate the possibility of errors, mechanics must undergo heavy testing and reasoning about infinite scenarios. Also surgeons must prepare the robotic system cautiousl y so as not to forget anything which can backfire. They also need to have contingency plans like converting the robotic surgery to open surgery.20The increased testing and reasoning is time-consuming and usually involves high costs.Even though safety is a big issue, 41% of the people asked would go through a robotic surgery.This can be considered a good percentage as 65% of the people asked believed that robotic surgery is safe and reliable.Reliability and knowledgeNowadays most people dont trust robots very easily. The reason for this is the lack of information and the fear that these robots/machines can harm them in a physical level or in a professional level.As it can be seen from the figure above 88% of the people asked have heard of robotic surgery but 56% of the people asked claimed to know very little about it.As it is stressed in a website about robotic surgery, and prostate cancer surgery in particular, most people worry about the side effects it could have on them such as sexual dysfunction and impotence.21Another concern was the fear of the robotic system and the probability of errors, but most people do a little research before resorting to robotic surgery. This way they minimize their worries and concerns. However, there still are people who patronage the evidence dont trust robots with their health.Therefore, robotic surgery needs time to become known and trusted by the people. This percentage of 56% must be minimized and increase the percentage of knowledge. In the future, as robotic surgery will start being implemented into hospitals, there will be many surgeries done, successful or not, which will enhance robotic surgery by correcting the errors, the failures and any problem that may arise. This way, patients who had successful operations will spread the word and people will become more aware and acquainted with this new technological development.Elevating concerns, resolving problemsRobotics in surgery is a great helping tool, which holds man y benefits and advantages for the surgeons and the patients. However, since it is still at an early stage of development there are problems in need for resolutions.One great concern is the reliability and safety in delicate surgical procedures. We cannot deny that machines are made from humans, who are not infallible and thus tend to make mistakes. Whether the surgery is done by a plethora of surgeons or by a single surgeon and a robot there is definitely the possibility of error.As with every new technology, people need time to get familiar with it and to start trusting it. Thus robotic-aided surgery just needs time to advance and to become more well-known. People who go through robotic surgery procedures will spread the good news. The media will start making more coverage of the issue as they learn about more cases. As mentioned by many patients in the Da Vinci website, they were very pleased with the surgery and the recovery time which proved to be shorter than expected.22Further more, the training of surgeons may take a while but it does not compare having to do a 6-hour surgery above the patient, getting tired and stressed with a 4-hour surgery sitting in the robotic device some metres away from the patient. The surgeon will tire less and will finish the surgery in less time.As far as the costs are concerned, patients in the Da Vince website did not worry about the costs so much because they were dealings with their health. And most people will do anything for their well-being.23 afterlifeRobotic surgery has made quite a progress and development but it still has a long way to go. Many obstacles will be dealt with time and doubtless some new concerns may appear. Questions such as malpractice liability, credentialing, training requirements and license granting will have to be resolved in the future.Most people on the survey (49% to be exact) answered that robots could have negative implications on employment as robots will do most of the work that humans cu rrently do and many of related jobs will be reduced.However, as mentioned in the advantages chapter, new fields are inserted into robotic surgery such as telemedicine, which shows that new needs for personnel emerge.Also it is quite interesting to note how the people asked are divided into three groups based on their answers concerning robotic surgeries in the futureThere is a 64% of the people asked who have a positive outlook on robotic surgeries in the future and a 36% who are quite intimidated and afraid of this potential change. role of this comes from the lack of information about robotic surgery and from the fact that it is still in an early stage.As far as robotic surgery is concerned, there is much to be done until it can reach its full potential. Even though, these robotic systems have enhanced dexterity significantly, they still need to advance the full potential in instrumentality or to integrate the full range of sensory input.Most people when hear about robotics, the y think of automation. The possibility of automating some tasks is both exciting and controversial. Future systems might entail the ability for a surgeon to program the surgery and merely supervise as the robot performs most of the tasks. The possibilities for improvement and advancement are only limited by imagination and cost.ConclusionRobotic surgery may be at an early stage, but that does not mean that it has not demonstrated its potential and significance, particularly in areas previously inaccessible by traditional procedures. However, it still remains to be seen if robotic surgery will replace completely conventional instruments in less technically demanding procedures.Robotic technology will bring major changes in surgery by enhancing and expanding laparoscopic procedures, advancing surgical technology and thus rescue surgery into the digital age. Not to mention, it possesses the potential to expand surgical treatment beyond the limits of human ability. The benefits of robo tic surgery outweigh the costs.BibliographyOnline (World Wide Web) SourcesPearl Tesler, Universal Robots The fib and workings of robots, 10 October 2009Wikipedia, Robotics,16 July 2009History of robotic surgery, Overview of Major Surgical Robotic Systems and Companies,17 July 2009William Harris, How Haptic Technology Works, 4 September 2009http//electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/haptic-technology.htmYoutube, Robotic surgery demonstration, July 24, 2007, 7 September 2009http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZLpWrJGgkYoutube, Robotic Surgery, April 05, 2007,15 September 2009Youtube, Robotic Heart Surgery, February 12, 2007, 19 September 2009Youtube, Robotic Heart Surgery Allen Raczkowski, MD, February 03, 2009, 25 September 2009http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=LezbxU5P1ucRobotic Surgery in Greece,22 April 2009,8 October 2009http//roboticsurgery.grRobotic Surgery, Simulation assisted training in Robotic Surgery,15 January 2010Robotic SurgeryROBOTIC SURGERY IN TELEMEDICINE HY GEIA S.A. 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