Descent from the Cross

In Rubens Descent from the brand the element that makes the oil on prove baroque in nature is that of the help to detail. Rubens was contrary in his picture, which was a ain part of his artistry and not outlined by the Baroque art period. His bodies in his paintings, though in fulfill or even in repose were depicted although with muscles t iodine, the muscles supposemed flaccid, as is the eccentric in the in a higher place mentioned painting. The wounds of christ be Baroque in their depiction because it is the opposite of what previous aesthetic movements has foc employ upon.There is the revelation of power in the gathering disciples and in the color palate being manipulated in the painting the keen tones and the attention to chiaroscuro is what gives the painting a rattling Rubenesque feel. The viewers attention once again is draw towards the bodies albeit muscular, they be not demo signs of form fat, they are better in their grief, and in the area of opposites, this is what Rubens needinessed to stimulate the perfect proboscis juxtaposed with in truth human race emotions the god body opposite with humanity.In exact contrast to Rubens depiction of messiahs flaccid even so verbalise body, Velazquez gives the viewer a saviour who hangs sorry on the cross. His body is in perfect Greek contrapposto his body is aligned in an S-curve. The starkness of the painting the black background, and the owing(p) whiteness of christs body adds to the power of the moment the messiah on the cross. Rubens painting was chaotic with colors, solely Velazquez shows chasteness in this painting by allowing the moment, and the olfaction transcend the painting, by toning down the colors. As opposed to Rubens delivery boy, Velazquez introduces the viewer to the bodies position on mainsheet.Rubens engaged some some other participants with the Nazarenes movement slay the cross. Rubens has a similar piece which is delineation the Nazarene being hoi sted upon the cross. Velazquez on the other hand shows Christ solitary in the painting he endures by himself, which is in itself a great contrast to the beat of bodies predominate in Rubens piece. Rubens also denoted a lot of muscle mass to Christ while Velazquez depicts his Christ more wish a younger, realistic man Velazquez makes his Christ human with human qualities and while Rubens portrays Christ bleeding the same human survey is not shown.Velazquez shows Christ himself grieving on the cross instead of Rubens painting where everyone besides Christ is grieving and this is what makes Velazquezs Christ human. Titian portrays Magdalene in somber tones, that are prevalent passim the High Renaissance. The tones and colors use create a mood of reserved trepidation and the seventh cranial nerve expression used is that of inquiry. This inquisitiveness is subtle in Titians art, but in certain facial expressions and through the use of color, the look of the reference points bec omes sometimes inquisitive, royal, or even pensive. The dark yet vibrant colors employed by Titian exhibit a dreamlike state.The bodies contrapositions to one other serve to pair them, or in other Titian art, the sole character has body movements that puzzle together. What is typical in a Titian painting and Christ appear to the Magdalene is not exception, is the muted colors. The Rubens painting The education of the Cross is similar in room to Titians portrayal. Both use beautiful color combinations to enhance the shadows in the paintings. The highlights on Christs body in Rubens painting is simply astonishing. The rest of the figures are clad in shadow, especially their faces.The unmated counterpoint to this technique is that Titian uses shadow retributive as eloquently but with diverse results. Rubens shadows implore the viewer to judge the paintings, the exhaust the highlighted figure and question why the other figures are caste in shadow. Titians painting also begs the question of the shadows but his point is more clearly make shadow is consistent with grief. If the viewer takes another glance of Rubens painting they will see that the shadowy figures faces are looking aside from Christ in shame while one stares straight at him with wide-struck eye as if not only in disbelief but in fear.Rubens was uncommon in incorporating foreground activity in his paintings. In The Raising of the Cross, there a dog in the foreground provoke in the human activity (also, dogs are synonymous with loyalty albeit, Rubens wanted to hold in that idea with Christ). Rubens liked to have the human body in action in a specific setting, as has been the case for the previously analyzed Rubens painting. Rubens painting had an Italian influence with the male body. Just as Michelangelo depicted the male body in supreme example of humanity found after the Greek forms, so did Rubens want Christ to resemble those same perfected bodies.Titians painting does not do this, but i nstead, like Velazquez focuses on Christs humanity. Rubens had elements of other artists involved with his paintings much(prenominal) as the Caravaggio technique with light, making Christ the holder and light attraction in the paintings, highlighting his person and shadowing the rest. Also, the painting is a hubbub of activity which is aware of Tintorettos busy canvases. The bodys of Rubens artwork seem to be bursting from the canvas, not only because of their muscle mass but the activity they are accomplishing and the fact that Rubens did not allow the edge of the canvas to order the end of action.One mans body is cut off, lost to the edge of the canvas just as on the other side another man is constructed in similar fashion. This is not seen with Titian, even though he takes the body in asymmetrical alignment with other points on the canvas. Rubens focuses his bodies in a diagonal axis in order to distribute action throughout the canvas. This is another point where Titian is di fferent his action does not give way for diagonals. industrial plant Cited Sporre, Dennis. (2008). The Creative Impulse An Introduction to the Arts. eighth edition. Prentice Hall.

'Nutrition and Health Worksheet\r'

' nutriment and Health Worksheet use Ch. 1 of modern provender, Ch. 2 of Visualizing Nutrition, supplemental course materials, the university Library, the Internet, or early(a) resources to answer the following questions. Your retort to each question should be 75 to 100 words. 1 . What Is living? wherefore Is nutrition essential to our d bothy lives? Nutrition Is the science of our Intake and utlllzatlon of food. Proper nutrltlon send away help pr so fart or change magnitude the Instances of disease. Improper nutrltlon buns lead to a weakened Immune system and even disease.In fact, A poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle atomic number 18 cognise to be risk factors for lite-thr sweep awayening inveterate diseases such as cardiovascular (heart) disease, hypertension, diabetes, and some forms of give noticecer. moreover a well- equilibrize diet can improve daily performance ment exclusivelyy, emotionally, physically and spiritually. Reference: Contemporary Nutrition, Eighth variance Chapter 1: What You Eat and Why causation: Gordon M. wardlaw, PH. D. , Anne M. smithPH. D? R. D. , L. D. copyright C 2011 McGraw-Hill familiarity 2. What is the connection between nutrition and wellness?Nutrients ar the substances obtained from food that be rattling for growth and maintenance of a sizable body throughout life. ” Study afterward study has shown that community who eat full-length foods rich in solid foods enjoy spanking health, longer life and a bring down risk of many diseases. Eating nutrient-rich foods can also help people to hold up healthy body weight; world overweight or obese has been found to be linked to numerous chronic diseases. If people be c arful with their nutrition they can live al nigh anxiety free until their body naturally slows down. 3. What argon the six classes of nutrients? What are essential nutrients?What are the sources of nutrients? What do nutrients do? The SIX classes of nutrients are Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. According to Wardlaw and Smith essential nutrients are food substances that provide energy, Promote Growth, Development, Maintenance, and square up Body Processes. All six classes are essential nutrients that are broken up Into three subgroups according to their purpose. The sources of these nutrients include meats, nuts, fish, dairy, fruits and brings its unequalled and authoritative value to promote health and welfare of the body, ind, and spirit. . How do vitamins and minerals work? Vitamins and minerals are needed by the body in such small joins that they are called micronutrients. heretofore they play a very important role that is divinely possible imputable to their chemical properties. Vitamins act like catalysts when it comes to nutrient processing. The body needs to utilize their unprecedented chemical compounds and elements to release the energy from nutrients in whiz case they are inside the body. Minerals on the other hand ar e simple inorganic substance that helps build certain separate of our bodies. 5. What does it mean to eat a balanced diet?Why is food plectrum important for good nutrition? To eat a balanced diet superstar should make sure to take portions from all the nutrient classes appropriately. This may change from one person to the next and so we all should have a consume stick out that helps us balance our ratios of meats, vegetables, fruit and nuts. The most neglected regimen is the recommended 5-9 servings of fruits and vegetables a sidereal day and these items are usually replaced with convenience food. aliment choice is important for performance and wellbeing so we should be careful not to fall into social traps and pressure induce feeding frenzies. . What is undernutrition? What is overnutrition? Under-nutrition is a condition that occurs when a person consumes a diet that does not meet the requirements for the amount of essential nutrients or calories a person needs to take a b reather healthy. This type of malnutrition can occur when people are not eating lavish food, or when the food they are eating does not contain well-balanced nutrients. Over-nutrition occurs when a person consumes a diet that exceeds the requirements for the amount of essential nutrients, or the amount of calories a person needs to remain healthy.\r\n'

'Case 302 July in Multiplex\r'

'Case 302From this case, in that respect be two eccentrics of demerits, which the crime syndicate stooge make. A Type I wrongdoing is referred to as a â€Å" unreasonable positive. ” A Type I error would be made when the null hypothesis is standed when it should be accepted. This error may lapse if the consortium defends any wooing against them if they are using 6% (6/ degree centigrade) as their examine result. The results of the type size of 100 batch indicate that the percentage range is from 1. 35% to 10. 65%. The test results can be high than 10%, plainly in reality it is lower.\r\nTherefore, if the consortium defends any lawsuit against them it is potential that a Type I actus reus can be made. The second type of error is a Type II Error, which is also known as â€Å"false negative. ” A Type II error would be made when the alternative hypothesis is rejected when it should be accepted. For this to occur, the consortium must(prenominal) make a de cision to come down the case when the survey result shows a lower percentage than 10% but in reality it is actually higher than 10%. The only error the consortium should make is a Type II error because the alternative hypothesis was rejected.\r\nAs previously stated, using a sample size of 100 shows that we would not reject the null hypothesis, in other words, this would compressed to settle with Tommy. If we did not create a second hypothesis test using a sample size of ccc, we would not hand over defended against Tommy in court and a Type II error would sustain been made. Size of simple| Defend lawsuit| Settlement| 100| Type II Error| Right decision| three hundred| Right decision| Type I Error| Table 1 We have proven that 94% of the surveyed moviegoers indicated that they are conform to that theater play commercials to begin with movie.\r\n merely 6% of the moviegoers opposed to watch commercials before movie. This statistical analysis validates that the consortium should test to defend any lawsuit Tommy or any other unhappy moviegoer files. In this situation, a Type II error would have been made if we unyielding to base our analysis only on a sample size of 100. A larger sample size continuously depicts a more accurate display. statistical Analysis H0 = 10% H1 < 10% inaugural Same Size N: 100 (sample size) p? : 6/100 = . 06 presumption Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0135 †. 1065Test StatisticZ= = -1. 33, from Standard common dispersion table => P-value = . 0918 P-value > ( important) .0918 > . 05 Since P-value (. 0918) is greater than important (. 05), we fail to reject the null hypothesis. second Sample Size N: 300 p? : 18/300 = . 06 reliance Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0331 †. 0869 Test Statistic Z= = -2. 31 from Standard Normal Distribution table => P-value = . 0104 P-value < alpha .0104 < . 05 Since P-value (. 0107) is less than alpha (. 05), we reject the null hypothesis\r\n'

'What is supply Management?\r'

'Several authors experience offered heterogeneous definitions of tack on steering, whereas the definitions have seemed concomitant, the functions of confer concern have at times appeared paradoxical. match to Gattorna et al (2003), contribute worry is delimitate as the methodical profession forward motion that encompasses diversified functions such as synchronising inbound and internal logistics and managing inventory than legendary buying, this is in agreement with Baily et al, (2005), who implies that supply solicitude is the recognition, acquirement, entree, position and administration of re beginnings and associated competence the business needs or prospectively needs to survive.\r\nHowever, Leenders et al, (2001), defines supply management as techniques and procedures of institutional or somatic buying, and argues that supply management is interested with the oversight and administration of services and resource inputs, handling the suppliers of the inputs and su staining input acquisition transition. These definitions have however centered on explaining supply management as just the process buying and the management of the processes of buying and cogitate procedures.\r\nTrent , (2007), offers a diversified definition of supply management and argues that supply management has matured from deliberate function of procurement and purchasing into a crucial strategic constituent influencing the survival of the organizations, he argues that supply management plays a primary role in the organization in that it influences the organizations image, social and corporate policy, progresses the competitive position and customer rapture and promotes effectualness, productivity and efficiency of an organization.\r\nSupply management is therefore viewed as the main source of strategic competitive advantage of an organization. The inquiry shall therefore evaluate the defined effectiveness of strategic management as a source of competitive advantage to organizations.\r\n'

'Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria\r'

'Analysis of the ch solelyenges of piety and paganity on semi presidential termal stability in Nigeria’s fourth republic (1999-2011) INTRODUCTION context to the Study Basically, Nigeria is a plural nine and heterogeneous in virtually all the heartt of encounter. The custom and tradition of Nigerians is so diverse to the extent that Nigeria as a country is right away confronted with the problem of religious belief and heathenishity towards their governing bodyal stability. The d confessslope and report of heathen encounter (societal wars and violence) open fire be t bucket alongd from eonian ( essential) offer rivalry to external (physical).And its home cause is non actually uttermost from power competition and decision devising over economic picks and some other(a) Coperni dissolve composition occurrenceor, like position. The implementation subprogram has of all cartridge clip involved more(prenominal) than wholeness or two persons. In or dinary concept, the author of this take on traces conflict keyst bingle to the first and early Patriarchal of gentleman history and ever since then, at that place has been an growth (in conglomerate dimensions) of Conflict in the face of human valet. Some argon item-by-itemised (internal) conflict, family, comm superstar, and group, intellectual, realm, communityal and international in nature, to credit rating and few.In conforming to this idea, Badawi (2006) in his command titled â€Å"World Apart” give tongue to thus, â€Å"indeed the greatest discord straight off is among the descendants of Abraham. These be the people of the book, the pursual of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who had in occurrence sh ard a common beginning in the godliness of Abraham”. In shedding more lower in the above statement, Badawi statement goes removed beyond religious belief, rather, he was tracing angiotensin converting enzyme of the earliest source of confli ct which Badawi mentioned the off-springs of the verbalise Abraham.Even before Abraham, there had been conflict, so it is as old as human history down to the Abrahamic intent, to ancient kingdoms, Dukes, and kings. In more or less 88 B. C. , King Mithria successions VI of Pontus invaded papist territory in Asian Minor. He advised Asian debtors to kill their roman letters creditors. Happy to reduce their credit nonice bills, the Asians massacred 80,000 Romans. Ethno- semi cheekal conflicts pay stake greatly shaped our bring in manhood and of track down concord its geomorphological phenomenon, (William Easterly, 2001). For instances, the conflict we now call Israeli and Palestinian war, has been an ever-lengthening sort.The Assyrian, Babylonian war, by King Nebuchadnezzar of the hanging Garden in history, the Persia war, black lovage the Great (the Macedonian mad man in history), the German war of Adolf’s Hitler, the Roman wars, narro succeedg all these down, we came to the snout of African continent which seem to be an epidemic field of conflicts of diverse kinds process date. The giant-lion of African continent, just like the origin of conflict is verbalise to open utter very old in human history, point so in the baptistry of Nigeria, which can be traced to the colonial period of history. Conflict takes distinguishable sizes and shapes with diverse reasons and purposes.Majority of the conflicts takes clipping before their escalation and at such, could concur been modify right at their measureive early stages. The history of heathenity and social conflicts in Nigeria is besides traced back to the colonial transgressions that forced the heathen groups of the Yankee and southern provinces to become an entity called Nigeria in 1914. In the human face of Nigeria situation, disturbing history of colonialism, this generated hatred and conflict among different ethnic groups. The task of addressing this seed of conflict plan ted by the British has been a mixed one.After weakening the author diverse kingdoms, Emperors, etc now called Nigeria and reordering the groups’ regime, the colonial powers failed in nation building and providing for the peoples basic needs. Hence, un applyment, poverty increase, and due to these, conflict over scarce resources ensue. The Confederate and Northern protectorates were in addition world unify into a nation. Thereafter, the merging of different colonies into one country called Nigeria was forcefully done without the peoples consent. This was a major seed of conflict that is tranquilize troubling Nigeria today.This article is focused on the historic incidents of ethnic conflicts in at bottom Nigeria societies, the cause of the conflicts and perhaps, the government actions towards ethnic conflict in the country. In conclusion, this paper entrust explore into decision- devising (by the picks and those in authority) process has contributed immensely in generating the syndromes of conflict in the said state. The Nigerian governmental situation has witnessed more breaking of heads, than counting them. In fact, change surface when it has been convenient for heads to be counted, the outcome has always been the breaking of heads kind of.Conflict in Nigeria is so extreme because of lack of democratic behaviour. The head of the individual in the democratic context signifies citizenship. So when heads ar broken in the Nigerian policy-making community, the issue in respect of broken heads is citizenship. If conflict in Nigeria heart and soul the absence of democratic behaviour, it follows, therefore, that conflict in Nigeria is interwoven with the absence of democratic regime. Gurr (2000): has similarly shown that the incidence of conflicts at the global take aim declined in recent years with the heighten of democratisation.Nation-states where conflicts persist be those where what obtains is the democratisation of disempowermen t (Ake 1996). beyond the veneer of elections, the state remains ambushed, privatised, repressing and unpopular. The people who were tantalised by the prospect of a democratic revolution that would terminate decades of estrangement and pauperisation rescue been short changed and stipulation a ‘choice less nation’ (Mkandawire 1999). The ‘credibility gap’ which fostered the De-linkage of the people from the state, and enkindled social forces to struggle for democracy, is non being bridged (Rothchild 1995: 58).African peoples out of clear rational calculations sans throwback(prenominal) attachments claim turned their backs on the state ‘and devoted their loyalty to sub-national social formations such as the community, the sub nationality or ethnic groups’ (Ake 2000: 114). It is against this backdrop that the proliferation and exacerbation of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria in the post-transition period can be appreciated. This article adopts an analytical framework that holds that The larboard amongst ethnicity and democratisation is found in absence of effective citizenship and good governance in post-transition societies.In the circumstance that democracy does not go beyond the conduct of multiparty elections to embroil improvement in the quality of life of the people, there is frustration, and people who already feel alienated from the state be defenseless and likely to be mobilised around counter- elites who run extant popular alienation from the state by whipping up sectarist sen convictionnts. This has been the case in Nigeria and several multiethnic states of Africa (Osaghae 1994).Although the foregoing theoretical discussion has focused on ethnicity, the term ethno-religious is adopted because whatsoever of the recent violent conflicts to be quizd were triggered by religious issues. The relevance of religious belief is also underlined by the fact that in Nigeria ethnic boundaries ten d to coincide with religious belief, with the exception of the Yoruba ethnic group (Ibrahim 1999). The Nigeria state was alter in the year 1914 by lord lugard. The mingled geographical areas or territory which was amalgamated to form Nigeria by the colonialist comprises of various cleavages, clans, towns level there were kingdoms and hiefdoms with diverse culture, language, theology, norms values, customs and policy-making structures etc. The focus of the research monogram is to examine the utilisation of morality and ethnicity in Nigeria dissilient democracy. In Nigeria especially, morality plays a very vital and influential role in the society that has manifested itself as a steadfast force in the semi semi policy-making increment of the Nigerian state from pre-independence to post-independence. Hardly can the Nigerian state be talked intimately without reference to theology (Kukah, 1994; Falola, 1990; Kenny, 2006; International IDEA, 2000; Suberu, 2009).However, m orality in Nigeria, at different levels, is generally mentioned in detrimental terms. Or rather, historical events linked to holiness tilts more towards its negative than its positive contribution to the Nigerian state. The Jihad, the civilised war propaganda, the Sharia law controversy, the tensions enkindle by the Nigerian accession to the fundamental law of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the incessant religious crises that have engulfed the Northern part chiefly record that religion cannot be ignored or wished away in the Nigerian governmental development. Several religious crises have occurred in Nigeria.They have been documented as donnish dissertations for some of them. This piece of work does not intend to start the discourse on religious violence anew but only recognizes the fact that as a recurrent phenomenon it is worth being explored farther. frankincense â€Å"Boko Haram” menace which gained global recognition and even press support ranging from July 2009 boulder clay date is a the central focus of this take away together with other riots which has engulfed the Nigeria state from 1999 till date which most Nigeria educated elite cogitated that religion and ethnicity were the basic causes.The educated elite have conducted series of research on what the causes of this violent riots maybe. Most have cogitate that it can be traced and linked to the failure of governance in Nigeria. 1. 2 account OF PROBLEMS The mistake of 1914 has polarised the Nigeria society together with its citizens in which loyalty to the State is a mirage instead people pay loyalty to their various families and ethnic groups the effect of this can be traced to 1967 civil-war which disintegrate the country or in the political strategy which almost chasten to secession of the country with the easterner believed to be the aggrieved ethnic in the war.Similarly Nigeria has a yearn history of religious crisis which has affected the political instability of Nigeria . The maintasine riot of 1980 can be said to be the first major religious riot in Nigerian history, claiming nigh 800 lives. The Boko Haram insurgence in the northern part of the country which has been directed mainly against the Christians, they have suffered a deal out both physically, psychologically, economically, spiritually and even politically in the far North which has led political writers and pundits to affirm that Boko Haram conflict has its roots in Religion.The thrust of this work forget be to examine the underlying reasons behind political instability in Nigeria employ religion and ethnicity as a paradigm. 1. 3 kitchen stove OF THE STUDY. The study lead cover the impacts of religion and ethnicity towards the stabilization or in- stabilization of the Nigeria political constitution it exit cover how religion and ethnicity have impacted on the political stability of Nigeria. moreover the study leave behind emphasize more on the role the government is playing in stabilizing the un-stabilized country. 1. 4OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following can be regarded as the aims and objective of the study 1.To realise the meaning of religion, ethnicity, political stability, and political instability 2. To know how religion and ethnicity have negatively impacted on Nigerian political development 3. To develop accomplishable solutions and panaceas to the problems of religions and ethnicity to Nigerian political in-stability 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What meaning does religion, ethnicity and political instability carries 2 How has religion and ethnicity impacted on the political stability of Nigeria 3 what are the possible solutions to the problem of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria political dodge 1. JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY m whatever a developing countries of the world are currently experiencing the problems which ethnicity and religion have caused. The ethnic problem which led to the apartheid era in South Africa is also the same ethnicity and reli gion problem which has almost disintegrated the Nigerian State. Recalling back to what happen during the civil war in the late sixties and early seventies which led to the introduction of the national younker service corp. by the then armed forces president General Yakubu Gowon which aim at integrating back the almost disintegrated country.Books, Journals, Magazines, Pamphlets, and parcel out of researches have been written and carried out one by one on the issue of ethnicity and religion, and its impact on the Nigeria political stability. This research work will serve as an additional real to the issue on ethnicity and religion to political instability in Nigeria, this work will focus more on ethnicity and religion and its impact on Nigerian government 1. 7RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will be based on secondary data collections ranging from books, Journals Newspapers, News Magazines, Pamphlets and even the Internet.In conducting any research basically there are two methodologies employed by researchers which are the primary and the secondary methods. This research work will be basically conducted using the secondary methodology as preceding mentioned. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnicity: According to the oxford advance learners mental lexicon ethnicity can solely mean â€Å"the fact of belonging to a particular race” from the dictionary meaning we can deduced the fact that Humans believed in race and they have passion for race which leads to humans ethnocentrism i. e. super ethnocentric in nature.Ethnicity has a strategical interaction of persons and other actors, who have different beliefs, attitude’s, values and goals as they shape particular conflict the distribution of resource’s and general issues of political rules at bottom a context of norms, prospects and institutions. Any of the rule, expectation and institutions may be reversed, maintained or inverted by the individual who win the right to control th em, in the course of those political duologues that are some condemnations called cooperation, and sometimes called war, and are usually somewhere between the two.In another sense, ethnic identity element are political resources just like cash or vote. Instrumentalist like Micheal Banton and Micheal Hecthtar, entreat that ethnic identity are not inherent in group or socio-formation of people. They see ethnic identity as socio-capital brought to bear on the political negotiation table by different groups and at different times. Hutchinson and Smith also deliberate that ethnic identity are an all important(predicate) resource that political Elite employ in securing the support of the masses as a strategy for gaining a in demand(p) good.These goods and or goals are â€Å"measured in terms of wealth, power, and status and… joining or national communities helps to secure these ends either by influencing the state, or in certain situations, through secession. Religion: reli gion on its own part can be regarded as the belief in the domain of divinity fudge or gods and the activity that are machine-accessible in the worship of them. Religion can also be stress further by meaning one of the governance of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods.For typeface the Jewish religion, Christianity Islam and other world religion. Furthermore in the classical and ancient ages religion has achieved a lot in their political relation for example the doctrine of Islam was used in many Arab nations has their constitution even up till the present age. The Ancient Romans, also, during the time of Constantine authoritative Christianity as a religion and a mode of life which also affected their political terrain.Religion in the 21 century is now used narrowly towards Christianity and Islam even though other religion still exist but the former two religion have expansive to prominence that other religion are now beneath them. Fo r instance about Political stability: can fork up the mean of a system of politics in which the government of that State is experiencing a stable government and peaceful existence in the State or in otherworld’s a legitimately accepted government by the people. Democratically governed States are believed to be stable.In the global sense all political entity must be control democratically without internal oppression or external aggression. Any country of the world that is free from the aforementioned point are regarded as stable political system in other words internal oppression has cause a lot of havoc to many democracies of the world which has infringed on their stability as noted by Ojo 2002. Descent Rule: These covers a big set of cases that we commonly understand to be ethnic than the rules that ethnic groups must have a myth of common extraction or common origin.But it excludes several cases in which individuals routinely consider themselves, and are considered as members, of a group that we classify as ethnic even when their parents were not coded as members of this group. Take for example the year â€Å"Yoruba” when it was invented in Nigeria in the nineteenth century. At this time period, the parents of those who were assort as Yoruba were not themselves classified as Yoruba for the reason that this category did not exist during their lifetimes.According to Descent Rule, then, the category Yoruba in the nineteenth century would not be coded as ethnic. But the category Yoruba is universally coded as an ethnic category by all comparative political scientists, without making a distinction between time periods. As another example, consider the category â€Å" unwilling Caste” in India, which include as members individuals who possessed a given set of last names and/or ancestral occupations. The category was introduced by the Indian Central Government in 1990.Within a few years, 52% of the Indian population classified itself and was classified as backward. and the parents of those who termed themselves â€Å"Backward Caste” were not coded by themselves or by others as â€Å"Backward Caste” because, as in the case of the first generation of Yoruba’s, this category did not exist during their lifetimes Democracy: According to Abraham capital of Nebraska he defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people.In this pert democracy connotes a system of government in which all the people in a country will have the outright say on the government of their country although in a case manner meaning that they will elect representatives that will represent their interest in the government. Advanced countries if the world where democracy is practiced completely they have national identity as opposed to the developing world where they have ethnic identity.Advanced democracies always believe in secularism in which every religion is accepted and embraced not a system in which part will have cognisance to a religion and the other will believe in other religion causing serious tension in such states like Nigeria. Federalism : Elasar (cited in Akande, 1996:1)” the formation of European union (EU) which simply begun as a trading fusion for coal and steel is now go towards a more integrated political union founded upon federal rationale of governance”.The African union (AU) which is the federation of African counties where a central government mean to be created with sharing or percentage of power among the federating unit, even the world highest nerve body united Nation have in some little degree, evolved the principle of federalism. Federalism is a system of government which embraces unity in diversity. Federalism as a system of government is one in which there will be central and regional governments each one autonomous of each other.\r\n'

'Patient Rights Essay\r'

' affected role rights argon also humankind rights. Every forbearing deserves to be treated respectfully and with every mark of helping patients improve their health. Due to past diachronic events, there was a need for the creation of deuce docu custodyts that give patients certificate and rights when it comes to clinical experiments. These events were experiments that were conducted unhonorablely and profaned human rights. The names of these documents be: The Nuremberg Code and The Belmont musical theme. The low gear one that was created in the 1940’s was The Nuremberg Code which relates to the events that happened during the holocaust.\r\nnational socialist physicians were responsible for performing malicious experiments on prisoners in the concentration camps. The Belmont Report was created later after the breakthrough of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. In this study, which was conducted from 1930-1972, African American men were deceived into thinking they were being treated for syphilis when they rattling were non. Even after the discovery that penicillin was an effective manipulation for this disease, m all men were solace left untreated and left to die unnecessarily. The â€Å"Doctors’ Trial” was one of the of import trials conducted after World War II in Nuremberg, Germany.\r\nThis was an international trial do up of resolve from the United States, Britain, France, and the former Soviet Union. This trial tortuous 23 def conclusionants, 20 of them being physicians, all incriminate of torturing and murdering prisoners in concentration camps with the commit of medical experiments. Sixteen of the 23 defendants were found guilty and sen tennerced to death, aliveness in prison, 25 years, fifteen years and ten years in prison. The remaining seven were acquitted. afterwards conclusion of the trial, the judges felt a proponentful need for an additional way to protect human re front subjects.\r\nThis is when they cre ated the ten enquiry principles now know as The Nuremberg Code. As the Hippocratic ethics was cracking for physician-patient relationships, it did non fit so well with scientific look into. Everything changes because the primary goal of the physician is no eternal the patient, plainly instead the results of his or her experiment. The Nuremberg Code solves this conflict. The head start and main principle of the Nuremberg Code incurs the voluntary accept of human subjects absolutely essential. Experiments should non be ergodic or unnecessary; they should be in search of beneficial results.\r\nIt should be based on experimentation of animals and help prove positive effects are the result. Mental and physical suffering or dishonor should absolutely be avoided. No study shall be performed when there is a risk of death or severe injury involved. The potential risks should never legislate the potential welfares. Sufficient preparations moldiness be made and acceptable faciliti es must be used in order to protect against injuries, disabilities, or death. besides able individuals may perform such(prenominal) studies and the highest possible scientific discipline and care shall be applied throughout the ideal process.\r\nSubjects bequeathing invariably hold the power to end the experiment at any time they tang is necessary for their own well-being. And last of all the scientist in charge must end an experiment as soon as there might be any reason to believe that there is a possibility that continuation of the study could result in injury, disability, or death to any of the participating subjects. In Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment the Nuremberg Code was disregarded and still continued to be sponsored by the U. S. government. The reason for this may be because the code and principles were not regulated and could not be enforced by laws.\r\nIn 1978 the division of Health and Human Services (HHS) published the Belmont Report. The Belmont Report is made u p of three basic good principles which are: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. All persons asked to be in a study should have total self-direction and complete control of their decisions. For beneficence researcher should not only attempt to achieve maximum benefits for the subjects, but also minimize all risks. Justice states all batch should be treated fairly and benefits and problems should be distributed fairly as well. These are now regularization guidelines and remain the main focus to protect universe as subjects.\r\nTo this present day the Belmont Report continues to be used as a reference for institutional review boards (IRB) which ensure that human based research follow all ethical regulations and guidelines. Anytime experiments on valet are being conducted, ethical issues will always be involved. With the creation of these two documents it helps determine whether a clinical trial is ethical or not. setoff of all the experiment must have almost kind of social or scientific order in which it may produce results that will benefit health and well-being or even extend knowledge on a sealed subject.\r\nOnly qualified scientists or physicians are allowed to perform such studies using methods and techniques that will produce reliable results. Subjects must be chosen fairly. The risks of the study must be minimized while the benefits maximized, or at the to the lowest degree benefits and risks should be proportionate. Informed consent means subjects will be certain on the purpose of the research, its risks, benefits, and alternatives. This helps to make informed decisions and also subject have the power to end the study at any time.\r\nSubjects will also be provided confidentiality, information on any new discoveries and results of the studies. These documents not only provide vindication and safety for test subjects, but it also protects authoritative individuals from being participants in any studies. There are certain population s or groups of people that cannot be selected for studies for certain reasons. Adults are preferred subjects over children. Individuals must be competent in order to give informed consent, which would eliminate using mentally ill people as subjects for a study.\r\nPrisoners should also be excluded as test subjects as they are already in a forced position. There must be a certain criteria met in order to use any of these subjects in a research study. I find it to be a real violate that the Nuremberg Code was overlooked in many studies performed in the United States after its creation. It was not regulated and it was not against the law to not follow these codes of ethics on research. Although it took a series of unfortunate events to come up with the Belmont Report, it sure is nice to know there is protection now for human test subjects.\r\nThe creation of institutional Review Boards (IRB) to enforce that studies are being conducted at a lower place ethical guidelines and researche rs are following these rules was essential in helping to improve the search for better health in this country. This will continue to guide our perspiration as well as change when early(a) issues arise. The good thing is that I do not seeing it ever changing much much as all the most important ethical issues is covered by these documents when performing any research on human subjects.\r\n'

'Kalimunda Hakim Internship Report 2012\r'

'1 INTERNSHIP treat MTN R disgustedDA PO BOX 264 BY Kalimunda Hakim Student At RTUC Bachelor In Business instruction Technologies _____________________ SUPERVISED BY Aymard Mbonabucya In mastermindation & Network Security Administrator _____________________ FROM 26 November, 2012 TO 15 January, 2013 INTERNSHIP coer 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply intended to almighty God who has saved me finished the whole period of internship.My special convey argon screamed to the MTN RWANDA administration for giving me much(prenominal) opportunity of passing an internship in their comp whatsoever, My sincere recognition go to the Human resource Director comical Assimwe for their acceptance of my intern . Thank you for completely. I am grateful to my Supervisor Aymard MBONABUCYA for being a vanquish man I c on the whole for ever k at present and his rulesty, encouragement and understanding s on whole my daily nouss and answer it because of his spiritual and technical give birth; I used to became free to ask some(prenominal) headland regarding interlock because he is actually skillful at electronic vaneing, may thanks be devoted to him.I finally thank all MTN staff in technology de purposement for their right collaboration during this very important internship. INTERNSHIP news report 3 PREFACE The sh atomic number 18 of this report is to fulfill the internship requirement for the Bachelor academic degree in Business Information engineering computer programme at Rwanda Tourism University College ; to till 15 January, 2013) with a private organizations in Rwanda called MTN RWANDA. successes and short. explain what I did achieved and lettered during my internship period (26 November, 2012 The report focuses primarily on intern’s duties and responsibilities, internship results, its INTERNSHIP REPORT 4 About MTN RwandaMTN is a global confabulations compevery and world-class cellular intercommunicate. empowerment. As a major communications comp whatsoever, MTN is specialally focused on the Africa and the Middle East. We believe that through door to communication rallys economic Serving you since 1998, MTN Rwanda continues to put out its interlocking, killer new and innovative packages and services and glide by up with the latest trends in communications art object maintaining affordability. MTN Mobile Money has transacted over US$36 million Bulk Payment Services. MTN Rwanda has over 2. 9 million subscribers and its profits coverage extends to over 98% of the population. ince its launch in 2010. The payment platform is now offering Cash Power Top-up and INTERNSHIP REPORT 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE. …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………. 1 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY. …………â⠂¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦2 CHAPTER I. approach…………………………………………… II. 1. OVERVIEW OF commutationING…………….. II. II. 1. OVERVIEW OF ROUTING……… II. II. 2. judgmentS OF ROUTING………. ?II. 2. CONCEPTS OF break……………….. add-in OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………. ….. …………………3 CHAPTER II. PRESENATION ON SWITCHING AND ROUTING CONCEPTS AND embodiment…………………………à ¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦II. 3. well-nigh frame OF SWITCHING…………. II. II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF ROUTING……………….. II. III. NETWORK tier……………………………………… II. III. 2. CISCO HIERARCHIAL stage…………… II. III. 3. aggregate LAYER…………… II. III. 4. DISTRIBUTION LAYER………….. II. III. 5. ACCESS LAYER…………….. II. III. 1. OVERVIEW OF NETWORK LAYER…………….. II. IV. NETWORK DESIGN CONCEPT …. II. IV. 1. THEORIES ON NETWORK DESIGN…… II. IV. 4 SWITCH cry recuperation II. IV. 2. OVERVIEW ON VIRTUAL local anaesthetic orbit NETWORK (VLAN) II. IV. 5. FIREWALL PASSWORD RECOVERY II. IV. 3. ROUTER PASSWORD RECOVERY…………………………………………………………………………..INTERNSHIP REPORT 6 INTERNSHIP REPORT 7 Chapter 2. Presentation on shifting, routing concepts and sort II. 1. OVERVIEW OF SWITCH What is conquering? Networking concept has two basic concepts and they are pommel over and Routing . They victimization one of these methods. are fundamental concepts in Networking , new(prenominal) topics give care entanglement security are found on these concept. Routing and Switching are the base parcel or entropy delivering methods in When we are public lecture about the stiring ,the communications protocols and concepts are related to the bottom 2 and selective schooling packets with in this social class that are called frame . r e bigger and bigger and too more than expensive. 10base5, 10base-T for cabling were used . . Better shift keyes fool more choices than 2 condition and because of this capacity, they In Networking there is a long history for confusees. At first beat the direct subsumeion earnings and each spin like router , alternate , hub , firewall , proxy , cash server, elanm are As you know the stir refers to the device that bottom select one condition from 2 or more conditions .For example an electrical switch female genitalia select 0 as turn off and select 1 for turn on amongst to or more computer used to set up a engagement and much(prenominal) technology like 10base2, In those technologies , the base topology was BUS Technology and the close advanced of more devices for sending and receiving info , and when a device wants to send data for go into below we stool see a reasonable view to a hub and the meaning of bus . II. 2. CONCEPTS OF SWITCHING this technology is HUB. A bus or data bus refers to the one middleman(shared link) amid 2 or another device ,this bus should be abandon and none of devices should not use the bus . In INTERNSHIP REPORT FIGURE 1: SWITCH II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF SWITCHING ascertain switch>? switch> change switch# switch#disable switch> over beat switch# hand over version switch# immortalise flash: switch# portray mac- parcel out view board switch#show running-config switch#show inaugural-config switch#show vlan switch#show port wines switch#show port vlan1 descriptions The ? works here the uniform as in a router applyd to arouse the list of all acquirable sees User means, same as a router favour mode Leaves exclusive rightd mode Leaves drug drug drug drug user mode Displays information about software and hardware. Displays information about flash computer memory ( leave alone work put forwardd for the 2900/2950 series).Displays the current MAC address forwarding table . Displays the curren t embodiment in DRAM. Displays the current abidance in NVRAM. Displays the current VLAN mannikin. Displays the interface descriptor and spatial relation of line: up/up, up/down, admin down. Displays setting of virtual(prenominal) interface VLAN 1, the slight VLAN on the switch. INTERNSHIP REPORT 9 II. II. 1. OVERVIEW OF ROUTING is the process of selecting paths in a earnings along which to send communicate trade. Routing is effected for m some(prenominal) kinds of networks, including the telephone network (circuit transposition technology.Routers switching), electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transferral networks. This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks using packet II. II. 2. CONCEPTS OF ROUTING Whereas switches and bridges engage at OSI stage 2 (the data link spirit level), routers primarily operate at OSI Layer 3 (the network grade). Like bridging, pull in the forwarding decisions. Routers make decisions bas ed on network stratum protocols such as Internet communications protocol (IP) and Novell NetWare Internetwork Packet turn (IPX). growing beyond the capability of bridges. Before this popularity, networ he basal act of routing involves moving packets across a network from a source to a destination. The unlikeness involves the information that is used to Routing gained popularity in the mid- to late mid-eighties as a result of internetworks Figure 2: Image of Router II. II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF ROUTING modes, and the resulting prompts. The prompt helps you pick up which mode you are in and, therefore, which masterys are available to you: trend of Operation Usage Mode How to wear the Prompt The sideline table describes some of the most roughhewnly used modes, how to premise the INTERNSHIP REPORT 10User EXEC switch over remnant settings on a temporary basis, perform basic tests, and list system information. First level deviled. Router> Privileged EXEC Global Confi g System administration, set operational parameters. Modify frame that affect the system as a whole. Modify the operation of an interface. Create the initial configuration. From user EXEC mode, reckon enable password command Interface Config frame-up From privileged EXEC, enter configure terminal. From global mode, enter interface type number. Router# Router(config)# Router(config-if)# Prompted talks From privileged EXEC mode, enter command apparatus. User EXEC Mode:When you are connected to the router, you are started in user EXEC mode. The user EXEC commands are a subset of the privileged EXEC commands. Privileged EXEC Mode: Privileged commands entangle the following: • put together †Changes the software configuration. throw in the command disable to exit from the privileged EXEC mode and return to user EXEC mode. • reform †Display process and hardware event sums. • Setup †Enter configuration information at the prompts. INTERNSHIP REPORT 11 Configuration Mode Configuration mode has a set of submodes that you use for modifying interface settings, routing protocol settings, line settings, and so forth.Use caution with configuration mode because all changes you enter take effect immediately. position: To enter configuration mode, enter the command configure terminal and exit by pressing Ctrl-Z. closely every configuration command also has a no form. In general, use the no form to disable a throw off got or function. Use the command without the keyword no to re-enable a disable feature or to enable a feature that is disabled by default. For example, IP routing is enabled by default. To disable IP routing, enter the no ip routing command and enter ip routing to re-enable it.INTERNSHIP REPORT 12 Getting patron In any command mode, you can get a list of available commands by unveiling a point mark (? ). To obtain a list of commands that begin with a pcticular character sequence, type in those characters followed i mmediately by the question mark (? ). Router#co? configure connect transcript Router>? To list keywords or arguments, enter a question mark in place of a keyword or argument. Include a space before the question mark. Router#configure ? memory Configure from NV memory network Configure from a TFTP network host terminal Configure from the terminalYou can also abbreviate commands and keywords by entering just enough characters to make the command unique from other commands. For example, you can abbreviate the show command to sh. INTERNSHIP REPORT 13 Configuration Files every time you make changes to the router configuration, you must save the changes to memory because if you do not they will be muddled if there is a system reload or power outage. there are two types of configuration saddle aways: the running (current operating) configuration and the startup configuration. Use the following privileged mode commands to work with configuration files. show running-config †divu lge the running configuration. • show startup-config †display the startup configuration. • configure terminal †modify the running configuration manually from the terminal. • repeat running-config startup-config †copy the running configuration to the startup configuration. • copy startup-config running-config †copy the startup configuration to the running configuration. • erase startup-config †erase the startup-configuration in NVRAM. • copy tftp running-config †load a configuration file stored on a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server into the running configuration. copy running-config tftp †store the running configuration on a TFTP server. INTERNSHIP REPORT 14 IP Address Configuration Take the following steps to configure the IP address of an interface. mistreat 1: Enter privileged EXEC mode: Router>enable password Router#config terminal Example: Example, Step 2: Enter the configure terminal command to enter global configuration mode. Step 3: Enter the interface type slot/port (for lake herring 7000 series) or interface type port (for lake herring 2500 series) to enter the interface configuration mode. Step 4: Enter the IP address and subnet mask of the interface using the ip address ipaddress subnetmask command.Step 5: get off the configuration mode by pressing Ctrl-Z Router(config-if)#[Ctrl-Z Router (config-if)#ip address 192. 168. 10. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Router (config)#interface ethernet 0/1 II. III. NETWORK LAYER II. III. 1. OVERVIEW OF NETWORK LAYER INTERNSHIP REPORT II. III. 2. CISCO HIERARCHIAL LAYER 15 pecking order has many of the same benefits in network invent that it does in other areas of life. When used properly, it makes networks more predictable. It helps us define at which levels of hierarchy we should perform accepted functions.Likewise, you can use tools such as access lists at certain levels in hierarchal networks and ward off them at others. large networks can be extremely complicated, with ternary protocols, detailed configurations, and diverse technologies. Hierarchy helps us summarize a complex collection of expound into an understandable flummox. Then, as specific configurations are deficiencyed, the model dictates the appropriate manner to apply them. The Cisco hierarchical model can help you excogitate, implement, and maintain a scalable, reliable, cost-effective hierarchical internetwork.The following are the collar storeys: ? ? ? FIGURE 3 : CISCONHIERARCHIAL Each layer has specific responsibilities. However, that the lead layers are luculent and are not inescapably physical devices. Consider the OSI model, another crystalline hierarchy. The seven layers describe functions tho not necessarily protocols. Now, lets take a closer look at each of the layers. II. III. 3. CORE LAYER the encumbrance layer is responsible for transporting large amounts of data quickly The inwardness layer or Backbone The Distribut ion layer The Access layer and reliably.The conceptioner must discover that the warmness layer is purported with fault tolerance, oddly because all users in the network can be affected by a failure. The ability to annul superfluous delays INTERNSHIP REPORT in network concern quickly becomes a top priority for the network designer. What Happens at the Core Layer? 16 The warmness layer is sometimes called the network backbone. Routers and switches at the core layer provide high-speed connectivity. In an attempt LAN, the core layer, shown in Figure 1-7, may connect multiple doings or multiple sites, and may provide connectivity to the server farm.Goals of the Core Layer The core layer design enables the efficient, high-speed transfer of data between one section of the network and another. The primary design goals at the core layer are as follows: †Provide 100% uptime. -Maximize throughput. -Facilitate network growth. Core Layer Technologies Technologies used at the core layer intromit the following: †Routers or multilayer switches that combine routing and switching in the same device -Redundancy and load balancing †high-speed and aggregate links II. III. 4. DISTRIBUTION LAYERThe dissemination layer is sometimes referred to as the work separate layer and is the major communication point between the access layer and the core. The primary function of the distribution layer is to provide routing, filtering, and WAN access and to determine how packets can access the core, if needed. The distribution layer must determine the fastest way that network service requests are handled; for example, how a file request is forwarded to a server. After the distribution layer determines the best path, it forwards the request to the core layer. The core layer thus quickly transports the request to the correct service.II. III. 5. ACCESS LAYER The access layer controls user and workgroup access to internetwork resources. The access layer is sometimes ref erred to as the desktop layer. The network resources most users need will be available locally. The distribution layer handles any employment for remote services. INTERNSHIP REPORT The following are some of the functions to be included at the access layer: ? ? ? 17 Technologies such as DDR and Ethernet switching are frequently seen in the access layer. nonmoving routing is seen here as well. As already noted, three mark levels does not imply three separate routers.It could be fewer, or it could be more. Re piece, this is a shape approach. II. IV. NETWORK DESIGN CONCEPT My second part of my internship dealt with network design concept. In this I have been able to read different theories of network design from eBooks downloaded from the internet, doing exercises on subnetting, VLSM and VLANs and finally I had opportunity to do some practices on network documentation and laboratories on virtual LAN. II. IV. 1. THEORIES ON NETWORK DESIGN calculating a network for a better function ing of data access and resource sharing of any institution is an extremely important thing to consider.I wise to(p) different concept of designing a network whether by reading eBooks or discussing it with my supervisor. A good network design is still of four split in general: Continued access control and policies Creation of separate collision domains Workgroup connectivity into the distribution layer through layer 2 switching acknowledgment of customer’s needs and goals: In this part you deal with identifying business goals and technical requirements which include the childbed of characterizing the existing network, analysis of the network traffic. Logical network design: Here, it’s all about ontogeny a network topology.During this phase, you devise a network layer addressing model, and selects switching and routing protocols. It also includes security planning, network management design. Finally you make a work of the service provider on how he can meet your W AN and remote access requirements sensual network design: The physical design phase deals with specific technologies and products to realize the logical design. It starts with the pickax of technologies and devices for campus networks that includes cabling, Ethernet switches, radiocommunication access points, wireless bridges, and routers.There is also a selection of technologies and devices for remote-access and WAN needs. INTERNSHIP REPORT Testing, Optimizing and Documentation: The final step is to write and implement a test plan, build a prototype or pilot, optimize the network design, and document your work with a network design proposal. If your test results indicate any performance problems, then during this phase you have to update your design to include such optimization features. 18 In all this different network design steps, I have been able to do some practices on logical network design where I did exercises on subnetting, VLAN as network management requires it.II. IV. 2. OVERVIEW VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN) Definition A VLAN (Virtual Local Network) is a logically separate IP subnetwork. VLANs allow multiple IP networks and subnets to exist on the same-switched network. A VLAN is a logical circle domain that can swing out multiple physical LAN segments. It allows an administrator to group together stations by logical function. A VLAN has three major functions: i. Limits the size of broadcast domains ii. Improves network performance ii. Provides a level of securitySecurity †Security of in the altogether data are separated from the rest of the network, fall the chances of confidential information breaches. Advantages of VLAN: Higher performance †part of Layer 2 networks into multiple logical workgroups (broadcast domains) reduces unnecessary traffic on the network and boosts performance. Cost lessening †Cost savings result from less need for expensive network upgrades and more on this network. Types of VLAN There are diff erent types of VLANs. The type of network traffic they carry defines a particular type of VLAN and others INTERNSHIP REPORT 9 names due to the type or a specific function the VLAN performs. The following describes common VLAN: Default VLAN At the initial boot up of the switch, All switch ports become a member of the default VLAN, which makes them all part of the same broadcast domain. This allows any network device connected to any of the switch port to communicate with other devices on other switch ports. On Cisco switches the default VLAN is VLAN 1. VLAN 1 has all the features of any VLAN, except that you cannot rename or delete it. Data VLAN A data VLAN that can also be referred to as user VLAN.This is set up to carry only usergenerated traffic. The importance of separating user data from other type of VLAN is proper switch management and control. Native VLAN A native VLAN is assign to ashes port. An body port supports traffic sexual climax from many VLANs as well as traffi c that do not come from a VLAN. The trunk port places untagged traffic (traffic that does not come from a VLAN) on the native VLAN. In summary, the native VLAN observes and identifies traffic coming from each end of a trunk link. Management VLAN A management VLAN is any VLAN you configure to access the management capabilities of a switch.Your configured management VLAN is to be assign with an IP address and subnet mask. Any of a switch VLAN could be configured as the management VLAN if you has not configured or define a unique VLAN to serve as the management VLAN. In some cases, a network administrator proactively defines VLAN 1 as the management VLAN; this enables a loophole for an unauthorized connection to a switch. role VLAN Voice VLAN is configured to carry voice traffic. Voice VLANs are mostly given transmission priority over other types of network traffic. Communication over the network is not complete without phone calls.More calls are do over the network than other forms of a message transmission. Sending emails and text messages are also forms of inter-relations but listening to a real voice provides authenticity and assurance. SOME EXAMPLE OF VLAN INTERNSHIP REPORT There I was design a network that are composed with 1 router ,2 switch ,6machine. 20 And each switch have 3 computer . one switch to three machine . on the network we have default vlan ,native vlan ,management vlan. Management vlan can control other machine on network. this network have the vlan and trunk . e have design it by using a outils that called packet tracer FIGURE 4: DESIGN OF A NETWORK Example of same machine i ping Machine ip 196. 168. 40. 105 are pinging a switch3 ip address 196. 168. 40. 106 INTERNSHIP REPORT 21 FIGURE 5 : Command Prompt INTERNSHIP REPORT 22 II. IV. 3. ROUTER PASSWORD RECOVERY 1. Connect the router to the PC using a ease cable/port. 2. Open an emulation software (Hyper end or Terra Term or Secure CRT, Putty) + setup (Com port and bits=9600, etc. ) 3. Swi tch on the router holding DOWN CTRL + BREAK (keys) a. The router will boot and display the ROMMON prompt (Rommon;) 4.Type the CONFREG command to view current billet 5. Change the configuration narration (this is a hex number that tells the IOS where to fetch the configuration file. 0x142 bypasses the NVRAM contents, 0x2102 gets the configuration file from the NVRAM) a. Rommon;confreg 0x142 b. Reset (reboot i. e. power-cycle the router) The router will boot in principle but asking for a new configuration. 6. Router; (after byword NO to the configuration wizard) 7. Go to privilege mode (enable) and copy the startup-config to the running-config (Router#copy startup-config running-config).This will load the configuration with an unkown password back to RAM). 8. As you are already in privilege, the unkown password won’t retain you from changing the configuration. You can now change the privilege password (LAB#config t ; LAB(config)#enable secret cisco). besides change the console and vty passwords. 9. Change the configuration register back to 0x2102 (LAB(config)# config-register 0x2102) then reload (in privilege mode). 10. carry through your configuration. (LAB#copy running-config startup-config or write memory ~ wr) INTERNSHIP REPORT\r\n'

'Bilingual Education\r'

' multilingualist genteelness is by all odds a polemic figure. T present argon several(prenominal) mass and organizations in this field, who, for various lands be impertinent to multilingualistist study. In at present’s cab bet regarding gloss in that respect has been a large-minded issue ab let knocked knocked out(p)(p) whether multilingualist pedagogy should be taught in buildrooms for immigrant scholars who do non plow slope. multilingualistist procreation began simply or so 1967 as an effort to bring forward immigrants, ( broadly Spanish turn toers) to contain incline (Hoover, bilingualist precept Advocates). multilingual culture involves inculcateing cardinal styles to the pupils. Me precise psyches swear that bilingual grooming loose matter Spanish and side of meat single, exclusively bilingual could be any cardinal linguistic communications. at that place is a h stary oil puzzle where some an untimely(a )(prenominal) pargonnts ar against bilingual gentility be travail some(prenominal) assimilators ar coerce into Spanish bilingual classes because they sop up Spanish cognomens, withal though they realize and declaim incline intimately and they do non babble or take up Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual preparation Advocates).I go build passim my studies in bilingual information that a people of pupils argon position in bilingual classes because the p arnts fill out a infrastructure words survey stating that the floor voice communication is Spanish. inadequate do the p arnts cut that this is what determines what reference of class their electric s leaver vex out be in. This is causing numerous hassles for tiddlerren that argon world forced into bilingual classes thus far so when they argon non immigrants. The promoter of bilingual training was the German voice communication, because in 1837 scholarly persons were essential to possess German in prep ar at least(prenominal) one(a) class (Eva Giles). and one of the some vernacular bilingual political platforms here in South Texas is Spanish and face. A look into states that â€Å"N archaeozoic one in every six aim age babyren in the get together States shape up from a home where a speech other(a)(a) than side is standardly rn” (Eva Giles). â€Å"By slightly estimates, face is mouth today by one one one zillion million million million peck and both thirds pecked it as a chip language” (James Crawford). Secretary of acquirement T. H. price remarked that the subscribe of the disposal for bilingual direction grew from $7. 5 million in 1969 to $134 million in 1982 and it provides athletic supporter for between 1. million to 3. 5 million children (Hoover, The look for and against Bilingual commandment). in that location argon legion(predicate) reasons wherefore bilingual cultivation is non legal for umpteen a nonher( prenominal) slew. First of entirely, the checks that assume bilingual instruction do non reach drug-addicted askers. The problem that I halt gainn most too oft mea convinced(predicate) is that legion(predicate) people ar exhalation through an alter indigene course of study to kick the bucket a instructor, where they withstand no instilltimeing in bilingual appriseing method and they wear upon’t witness the concept of how it clobbers, nor do they extrapolate the laws.A person that has a degree in wrong justice, per se, goes through a 5 cal turn backar month weapons platform, takes a rottervas, and is thence considered to be a bilingual determineer. It is very common, here in south Texas where I roll in the hay, that people that excite ka couch(p) through the ACP enfranchisement argon organism elect over tralatitious college track instructors. Bilingual education is controversial for the simplest reason that it disrupts establish patterns in coach. For umpteen informs, it dope cause some headaches because they penury to code much(prenominal) dep oblite cropent seeers, plan curricula, and reorganize class schedules, so legion(predicate) administrators want to avoid that.The monolingual teachers fear the reassignment, blemish of status, or other flusher setbacks (Crawford). Because umteen schools do non exact qualified teachers, the school-age childs repulse shag in their studies because they do non learn any position or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual instruction Advocates). Moreover, numerous parents complain that their children on a fixture school day are exposed mostly to Spanish and single some minutes to incline (Hoover, Bilingual pedagogy Advocates). This is because the immigrants are mixed with the non-immigrants and the teachers concentrate on much(prenominal)(prenominal) on the immigrant students so they batch learn side.Further much(prenominal)(prenominal), the student s get conf utilise in their written material in Spanish and side of meat. For example, a child was enrolled in bilingual education merely because he/she has a Spanish surname even though he spoke only Spanish, and by the ordinal configuration the child could non read or write any slope or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual teaching Advocates). On the other hand, galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) states reported on an medium annual increment of 9. 2 constituent in the enrollment of restrict slope nice students (Crawford).If we do non gestate more advised teachers in our schools most of the students would pass water a postgraduate rate of f wholeing behind, impuissance and dropping out of school. speech minority youths are 1. 5 times more li sufficient(predicate) than the face language counterpliberal arts to bedevil stop school in the pay offning completing cardinal long time, accord to the Intercultural Development look into Association. In 1988 the Hisp anic youths were more than twice bidly to reserve dropped out. thence if we do not take aim dependant teachers to teach the children we are personnel casualty to fork up more unstudied children (Crawford).The radical to this problem about(predicate) not having many certified teachers in our schools is that we impoverishment to rail off the teachers that we already throw off with some architectural plans that they consider to be a certified teacher. â€Å"Bilingual course of studys, in smart set to be impressive, essentialiness be cap qualified to attract and bind a teaching stave sufficient in verse and qualify to beseeming the regards of the children enrolled in the curriculum. ” (Del V onlye, Franco, Garcia). A teacher in the bilingual broadcast must(prenominal) master a subject, possess the skills to teach the subject considerably, and in any case stool mastered deuce languages as well to be familiar with the children’s culture.Moreover, a bilingual teacher must jibe cinque criteria, and tout ensemble are very classical for them to be an efficient teacher. The phoebe bird criteria are: •The teacher must be argent in incline •The teacher must be fluent in Spanish • triumph of the circumscribe discipline to be taught; e. g. science, chronicle etc. •Mastery of the teaching skills undeniable to teach content area •Well information and bed understanding of the child’s culture, custom, and fib (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia). galore(postnominal) schools business leader devote to go to another country to be cured _or_ healed bilingual teachers; they go to Puerto Rico or even to Latin Ameri house because the united States has a salmagundi of cultures and it is much easier for a teacher from other countries to pass to the United States and teach because they already endure the culture of the student, and the students whole tone more comfortable and learn more. Furthermore , the entropy reason wherefore bilingual education is not efficient for many people is because they do not experience sufficient research on it. more people do not k presently about all of the divine service that thither is in schools for all immigrant students that came from other separate of the world. Parents do not get baffling in their child’s studies or bang what classes they are taking e extraly when they are in marrow school or tall school. â€Å"Many advocates of bilingual education fear that any government recognition of minority languages ‘sends a damage gist’ to immigrants encouraging them to rely they can live in the United States without learning English or conformist toAmericans’ ways” (Bilingual Education). Many parents trust that enrolling their children in only English classes depart assistance them to ameliorate in their language. For example, there is a case in atomic number 20 where the government is going to e nforce a refreshed architectural plan called suffrage Initiative, which would mandate English only instruction for children until they bring forth fully skilled in English (Bilingual Education). But parents do not see all those com retcher programs that they give birth in schools to service of process their children modify in English without getting foreclose because they do.Parents should conjecture about all the frustration that their children are relations with because they are enrolling them in English classes even if they do not know the language. This is why they need to be made sensitive of all the programs that the schools comport to walk to assist the students that do not articulate English. The theme to this kind of problem in the schools is a program called late and early change that wait ons the students who commence instruction manual in their native language during the early courses of schooling put uply â€Å" transit” into mainstreaming English. William M. Saunders, Claude Goldenberg. ) revolution programs can occur anywhere from the early main(a) grades to midriff school or later in noble school; it all depends on the school program when the student starts. into area programs are trinity year program constants that preliminary the Spanish to English maturement in grades 3-5 and intonation programs compromise 12 item components falling in to three categories: 1. writings studies (literature units, instructional conversations, write projects) 2.Skill twist ( indicant comprehension, reading, dictation, and spoken English) 3. back up Components (reading, reading aloud, and constitution journals) A transition program is carve up into three characters; Pre- intonation, transformation I, and intonation II. A Pre- transmutation program is considered for the students in the third grade. Its exercise is to try the fundamental design of Spanish reading and writing and oral English development that p recedes transition and the refinement is that by the end of the year the student should read and write Spanish, and a trustworthy take of oral English.The second part of the transition program is called Transition I and it is employ in the quarternly grade. It is knowing to give rise make the need of an unquestionable program for a true time. By the end of fourth grade or Transition I, students should certify at least initial reading and writing articulateness in English. Moreover, the student should be able to enrol in discussions in English and the student should in like manner continue to salute a safe train in writing and reading in Spanish use in language arts throughout the entire year. The perish part of the program called Transition II is used in the 5th grade.This last part of the program is where the students should be rewrite and comprehends grade level materials in English, which mean in literature and content areas (Saunders). check to many teachers in calcium, bilingual transition programs fit very well in schools where they get to dictatorial teachers that want to help the student and where the startle language is used in the number one year (Stephanie Krasren). iodin of my firmness of purposes for bilingual education is to machine more programs for elderly students as gamey school students.Right now we do not gravel bountiful programs that help those students and that is why we guard a lot of college students that do not know how to write or read English or Spanish. In our spicy schools there is not full accent mark in programs for spunky school students because many teachers deal that the students already know English because they attended round-eyed and middle school. Sometimes it doesn’t cross teachers minds that many students came to the United States when they were 16 and ripened and they had finished primary or middle school in Mexico or other places.When they come to risque schools here in the United States they do not know English. The program that I would follow up for towering school immigrant students that do not know any English would be called of age(p) Transition. It would be separate in cardinal parts, the first one being aged(a) Transition I. It would be for ninth grade. The student would have a special teacher in separate classrooms, a teacher that helps them learn the canonic English language and as the year goes by to improve their English in all subjects, so the student can be familiarized with the language.The second part would be called Older Transition II and would be for ordinal grade immigrant students. The students would be placed in regular classes so they can be familiarized with how the classes work and begin taking the TAKS test that they need in order to graduate. Also the student would be controld to get into in school activities so they can be involved with the language and improve their skills. If we would have more programs lik e this, many students would be beneficiated and wouldn’t feel left out and they would have a fall apart in store(predicate) with more opportunities.These days, many jobs require applicants to be bilingual. â€Å"Businesses, especially earpiece companies here in Texas and California are want for bilingual employees” (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, Texas and California have a lavishlyer(prenominal) percentage of immigrants and Hispanics, which is why many companies ask the employee if they can speak Spanish and English. correspond to Hoover, English is the widely used language in history also; English in the language of Science technology, and line (Bilingual Education Advocates).Furthermore, right now in this ball club we have a elevated call for merchants, bankers, and diplomats able to speak two languages. Therefore, if programs like this would be obligate in many noble schools many students would have a better coming(prenominal) and t hey would not have problems in college. The opposite candidate about my solution of go acrossing more transition programs for proud school students is that many high schools do not have enough cash in hand to be using up in transition programs.Moreover, many principals say that high schools do not puzzle bullion to have special teacher or train the teachers that the schools already have to teach the immigrant students that do not speak English. I believe that schools have enough currency to spend to train teachers and programs because they have enough money to spend in variation and other elective courses. Many high schools put more disport in sport or any other activities than in the progress of the student’s studies.To reiterate, whether bilingual education is effective or not for immigrant students who do not speak English is up to the schools and how they climb the effectiveness of the bilingual programs. later on reading much information about bilingual educ ation, I have come to a finis; if we have more certified teachers who care and help the students with the English skills and if the schools work through more programs to help immigrant students, we are going to have a nation with many bilingual people who would help others. Moreover, we are going to have a better future for the kids of tomorrow.I encourage many teachers to support more bilingual programs and communication with their principals about them and put them into practice in the classrooms. A lot of this execution starts with the regulate, of course, but sometimes certain districts don’t want to implement the bilingual programs and are just receiving the money for it. This is where the schools need to criterion up and implement the programs and possibly make a call to the tea leaf and make sure that the district starts following the rules. It all begins with one person qualification the difference and then it goes from there.\r\nBilingual Education\r\nBilingu al education is unquestionably a controversial issue. There are several people and organizations in this country, who, for various reasons are opposed to bilingual education. In today’s society regarding education there has been a big issue about whether bilingual education should be taught in classrooms for immigrant students who do not speak English. Bilingual education began about 1967 as an effort to help immigrants, (mostly Spanish speakers) to learn English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates).Bilingual Education involves teaching two languages to the students. Many persons believe that bilingual education means Spanish and English only, but bilingual could be any two languages. There is a common problem where many parents are against bilingual education because many students are forced into Spanish bilingual classes because they have Spanish surnames, even though they understand and speak English well and they do not speak or read Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Educatio n Advocates).I have found throughout my studies in bilingual education that a lot of students are placed in bilingual classes because the parents fill out a home language survey stating that the home language is Spanish. Little do the parents know that this is what determines what type of class their child will be in. This is causing many problems for children that are being forced into bilingual classes even when they are not immigrants. The promoter of bilingual education was the German language, because in 1837 students were required to take German in school at least one year (Eva Giles).But one of the most common bilingual programs here in South Texas is Spanish and English. A research states that â€Å" near one in every six school age children in the United States come from a home where a language other than English is regularly spoken” (Eva Giles). â€Å"By some estimates, English is spoken today by one million people and two thirds learned it as a second languageâ₠¬Â (James Crawford). Secretary of Education T. H. Bell remarked that the support of the government for bilingual education grew from $7. 5 million in 1969 to $134 million in 1982 and it provides help for between 1. million to 3. 5 million children (Hoover, The case for and against Bilingual Education). There are many reasons why bilingual education is not effective for many people. First of all, the schools that have bilingual education do not have certified teachers. The problem that I have seen most too often is that many people are going through an substitute(a) program to become a teacher, where they have no schooling in bilingual education and they don’t understand the concept of how it works, nor do they understand the laws.A person that has a degree in criminal justice, per se, goes through a 5 month program, takes a test, and is then considered to be a bilingual teacher. It is very common, here in south Texas where I live, that people that have gone through the ACP certification are being chosen over traditional college path teachers. Bilingual education is controversial for the simplest reason that it disrupts established patterns in school. For many schools, it can cause many headaches because they need to recruit more qualified teachers, redesign curricula, and reorganize class schedules, so many administrators want to avoid that.The monolingual teachers fear the reassignment, loss of status, or other life setbacks (Crawford). Because many schools do not have qualified teachers, the students get behind in their studies because they do not learn either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, many parents complain that their children on a regular school day are exposed mostly to Spanish and only few minutes to English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). This is because the immigrants are mixed with the non-immigrants and the teachers focus more on the immigrant students so they can learn English.Furthermore , the students get confused in their writing in Spanish and English. For example, a child was enrolled in bilingual education only because he/she has a Spanish surname even though he spoke only Spanish, and by the seventh grade the child could not read or write either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). On the other hand, many states reported on an average annual increase of 9. 2 percent in the enrollment of limited English proficient students (Crawford).If we do not have more certified teachers in our schools most of the students would have a high rate of falling behind, failing and dropping out of school. Language minority youths are 1. 5 times more likely than the English language counterparts to have discontinued school before completing twelve years, according to the Intercultural Development Research Association. In 1988 the Hispanic youths were more than twice likely to have dropped out. Therefore if we do not have certified teachers to teach the child ren we are going to have more uneducated children (Crawford).The solution to this problem about not having many certified teachers in our schools is that we need to train the teachers that we already have with some programs that they need to be a certified teacher. â€Å"Bilingual programs, in order to be effective, must be able to attract and retain a teaching staff sufficient in numbers and qualify to meet the needs of the children enrolled in the program. ” (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia). A teacher in the bilingual program must master a subject, possess the skills to teach the subject well, and also have mastered two languages as well to be familiar with the children’s culture.Moreover, a bilingual teacher must meet five criteria, and all are very important for them to be an efficient teacher. The five criteria are: •The teacher must be fluent in English •The teacher must be fluent in Spanish •Mastery of the content area to be taught; e. g. science, h istory etc. •Mastery of the teaching skills necessary to teach content area •Well information and complete understanding of the child’s culture, custom, and history (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia).Many schools might have to go to another country to recruit bilingual teachers; they go to Puerto Rico or even to Latin American because the United States has a diversity of cultures and it is much easier for a teacher from other countries to come to the United States and teach because they already know the culture of the student, and the students feel more comfortable and learn more. Furthermore, the second reason why bilingual education is not efficient for many people is because they do not have enough research on it.Many people do not know about all of the help that there is in schools for all immigrant students that came from other parts of the world. Parents do not get involved in their child’s studies or know what classes they are taking especially when they ar e in middle school or high school. â€Å"Many advocates of bilingual education fear that any government recognition of minority languages ‘sends a wrong message’ to immigrants encouraging them to believe they can live in the United States without learning English or conforming toAmericans’ ways” (Bilingual Education). Many parents believe that enrolling their children in only English classes will help them to improve in their language. For example, there is a case in California where the government is going to enforce a new program called Ballot Initiative, which would mandate English only instruction for children until they become fully proficient in English (Bilingual Education). But parents do not see all those programs that they have in schools to help their children improve in English without getting frustrated because they do.Parents should think about all the frustration that their children are dealing with because they are enrolling them in English classes even if they do not know the language. This is why they need to be made aware of all the programs that the schools have to offer to assist the students that do not speak English. The solution to this kind of problem in the schools is a program called late and early transition that helps the students who receive instructions in their native language during the early years of schooling eventually â€Å"transition” into mainstreaming English. William M. Saunders, Claude Goldenberg. ) Transition programs can occur anywhere from the early elementary grades to middle school or later in high school; it all depends on the school program when the student starts. Transition programs are three year program constants that approach the Spanish to English development in grades 3-5 and transition programs compromise 12 specific components falling in to three categories: 1. Literature studies (literature units, instructional conversations, writing projects) 2.Skill building (reading comprehension, reading, dictation, and oral English) 3. Supporting Components (reading, reading aloud, and writing journals) A transition program is divided into three parts; Pre-Transition, Transition I, and Transition II. A Pre-Transition program is considered for the students in the third grade. Its purpose is to emphasize the fundamental role of Spanish reading and writing and oral English development that precedes transition and the goal is that by the end of the year the student should read and write Spanish, and a certain level of oral English.The second part of the transition program is called Transition I and it is used in the fourth grade. It is designed to make clear the need of an actual program for a certain time. By the end of fourth grade or Transition I, students should show at least initial reading and writing fluency in English. Moreover, the student should be able to participate in discussions in English and the student should also continue to demonstrate a good level in writing and reading in Spanish used in language arts throughout the entire year. The last part of the program called Transition II is used in the fifth grade.This last part of the program is where the students should be decoding and comprehends grade level materials in English, which mean in literature and content areas (Saunders). According to many teachers in California, bilingual transition programs work very well in schools where they have positive teachers that want to help the student and where the first language is used in the first year (Stephanie Krasren). One of my solutions for bilingual education is to implement more programs for older students as high school students.Right now we do not have enough programs that help those students and that is why we have a lot of college students that do not know how to write or read English or Spanish. In our high schools there is not enough emphasis in programs for high school students because many teachers believe that the students already know English because they attended elementary and middle school. Sometimes it doesn’t cross teachers minds that many students came to the United States when they were 16 and older and they had finished elementary or middle school in Mexico or other places.When they come to high schools here in the United States they do not know English. The program that I would implement for high school immigrant students that do not know any English would be called Older Transition. It would be separated in two parts, the first one being Older Transition I. It would be for ninth grade. The student would have a special teacher in separate classrooms, a teacher that helps them learn the basic English language and as the year goes by to improve their English in all subjects, so the student can be familiarized with the language.The second part would be called Older Transition II and would be for tenth grade immigrant students. The students would be placed in regular classes so t hey can be familiarized with how the classes work and begin taking the TAKS test that they need in order to graduate. Also the student would be required to participate in school activities so they can be involved with the language and improve their skills. If we would have more programs like this, many students would be beneficiated and wouldn’t feel left out and they would have a better future with more opportunities.These days, many jobs require applicants to be bilingual. â€Å"Businesses, especially telephone companies here in Texas and California are seeking for bilingual employees” (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, Texas and California have a high percentage of immigrants and Hispanics, which is why many companies ask the employee if they can speak Spanish and English. According to Hoover, English is the widely used language in history also; English in the language of Science technology, and business (Bilingual Education Advocates).Furthermore, r ight now in this society we have a high call for merchants, bankers, and diplomats able to speak two languages. Therefore, if programs like this would be enforced in many high schools many students would have a better future and they would not have problems in college. The opposite view about my solution of implementing more transition programs for high school students is that many high schools do not have enough funds to be spending in transition programs.Moreover, many principals say that high schools do not receive money to have special teacher or train the teachers that the schools already have to teach the immigrant students that do not speak English. I believe that schools have enough money to spend to train teachers and programs because they have enough money to spend in athletics and other elective courses. Many high schools put more interest in athletics or any other activities than in the improvement of the student’s studies.To reiterate, whether bilingual education is effective or not for immigrant students who do not speak English is up to the schools and how they approach the effectiveness of the bilingual programs. After reading much information about bilingual education, I have come to a conclusion; if we have more certified teachers who care and help the students with the English skills and if the schools implement more programs to help immigrant students, we are going to have a nation with many bilingual people who would help others. Moreover, we are going to have a better future for the kids of tomorrow.I encourage many teachers to support more bilingual programs and talk with their principals about them and put them into practice in the classrooms. A lot of this implementation starts with the district, of course, but sometimes certain districts don’t want to implement the bilingual programs and are just receiving the money for it. This is where the schools need to step up and implement the programs and possibly make a call to t he TEA and make sure that the district starts following the rules. It all begins with one person making the difference and then it goes from there.\r\nBilingual Education\r\nBilingual education is unquestionably a controversial issue. There are several people and organizations in this country, who, for various reasons are opposed to bilingual education. In today’s society regarding education there has been a big issue about whether bilingual education should be taught in classrooms for immigrant students who do not speak English. Bilingual education began about 1967 as an effort to help immigrants, (mostly Spanish speakers) to learn English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates).Bilingual Education involves teaching two languages to the students. Many persons believe that bilingual education means Spanish and English only, but bilingual could be any two languages. There is a common problem where many parents are against bilingual education because many students are forced in to Spanish bilingual classes because they have Spanish surnames, even though they understand and speak English well and they do not speak or read Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates).I have found throughout my studies in bilingual education that a lot of students are placed in bilingual classes because the parents fill out a home language survey stating that the home language is Spanish. Little do the parents know that this is what determines what type of class their child will be in. This is causing many problems for children that are being forced into bilingual classes even when they are not immigrants. The promoter of bilingual education was the German language, because in 1837 students were required to take German in school at least one year (Eva Giles).But one of the most common bilingual programs here in South Texas is Spanish and English. A research states that â€Å"Nearly one in every six school age children in the United States come from a home where a language other than English is regularly spoken” (Eva Giles). â€Å"By some estimates, English is spoken today by one million people and two thirds learned it as a second language” (James Crawford). Secretary of Education T. H. Bell remarked that the support of the government for bilingual education grew from $7. 5 million in 1969 to $134 million in 1982 and it provides help for between 1. million to 3. 5 million children (Hoover, The case for and against Bilingual Education). There are many reasons why bilingual education is not effective for many people. First of all, the schools that have bilingual education do not have certified teachers. The problem that I have seen most too often is that many people are going through an alternative program to become a teacher, where they have no schooling in bilingual education and they don’t understand the concept of how it works, nor do they understand the laws.A person that has a degree in criminal justice, per se, goes through a 5 month program, takes a test, and is then considered to be a bilingual teacher. It is very common, here in south Texas where I live, that people that have gone through the ACP certification are being chosen over traditional college path teachers. Bilingual education is controversial for the simplest reason that it disrupts established patterns in school. For many schools, it can cause many headaches because they need to recruit more qualified teachers, redesign curricula, and reorganize class schedules, so many administrators want to avoid that.The monolingual teachers fear the reassignment, loss of status, or other career setbacks (Crawford). Because many schools do not have qualified teachers, the students get behind in their studies because they do not learn either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, many parents complain that their children on a regular school day are exposed mostly to Spanish and only few minutes to English (Hoover, Bilingua l Education Advocates). This is because the immigrants are mixed with the non-immigrants and the teachers focus more on the immigrant students so they can learn English.Furthermore, the students get confused in their writing in Spanish and English. For example, a child was enrolled in bilingual education only because he/she has a Spanish surname even though he spoke only Spanish, and by the seventh grade the child could not read or write either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). On the other hand, many states reported on an average annual increase of 9. 2 percent in the enrollment of limited English proficient students (Crawford).If we do not have more certified teachers in our schools most of the students would have a high rate of falling behind, failing and dropping out of school. Language minority youths are 1. 5 times more likely than the English language counterparts to have discontinued school before completing twelve years, according to the Intercultu ral Development Research Association. In 1988 the Hispanic youths were more than twice likely to have dropped out. Therefore if we do not have certified teachers to teach the children we are going to have more uneducated children (Crawford).The solution to this problem about not having many certified teachers in our schools is that we need to train the teachers that we already have with some programs that they need to be a certified teacher. â€Å"Bilingual programs, in order to be effective, must be able to attract and retain a teaching staff sufficient in numbers and qualify to meet the needs of the children enrolled in the program. ” (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia). A teacher in the bilingual program must master a subject, possess the skills to teach the subject well, and also have mastered two languages as well to be familiar with the children’s culture.Moreover, a bilingual teacher must meet five criteria, and all are very important for them to be an efficient teacher . The five criteria are: •The teacher must be fluent in English •The teacher must be fluent in Spanish •Mastery of the content area to be taught; e. g. science, history etc. •Mastery of the teaching skills necessary to teach content area •Well information and complete understanding of the child’s culture, custom, and history (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia).Many schools might have to go to another country to recruit bilingual teachers; they go to Puerto Rico or even to Latin American because the United States has a diversity of cultures and it is much easier for a teacher from other countries to come to the United States and teach because they already know the culture of the student, and the students feel more comfortable and learn more. Furthermore, the second reason why bilingual education is not efficient for many people is because they do not have enough research on it.Many people do not know about all of the help that there is in schools for all immigrant students that came from other parts of the world. Parents do not get involved in their child’s studies or know what classes they are taking especially when they are in middle school or high school. â€Å"Many advocates of bilingual education fear that any government recognition of minority languages ‘sends a wrong message’ to immigrants encouraging them to believe they can live in the United States without learning English or conforming toAmericans’ ways” (Bilingual Education). Many parents believe that enrolling their children in only English classes will help them to improve in their language. For example, there is a case in California where the government is going to enforce a new program called Ballot Initiative, which would mandate English only instruction for children until they become fully proficient in English (Bilingual Education). But parents do not see all those programs that they have in schools to help their children improve in English without getting frustrated because they do.Parents should think about all the frustration that their children are dealing with because they are enrolling them in English classes even if they do not know the language. This is why they need to be made aware of all the programs that the schools have to offer to assist the students that do not speak English. The solution to this kind of problem in the schools is a program called late and early transition that helps the students who receive instructions in their native language during the early years of schooling eventually â€Å"transition” into mainstreaming English. William M. Saunders, Claude Goldenberg. ) Transition programs can occur anywhere from the early elementary grades to middle school or later in high school; it all depends on the school program when the student starts. Transition programs are three year program constants that approach the Spanish to English development in grades 3-5 and transition programs compromise 12 specific components falling in to three categories: 1. Literature studies (literature units, instructional conversations, writing projects) 2.Skill building (reading comprehension, reading, dictation, and oral English) 3. Supporting Components (reading, reading aloud, and writing journals) A transition program is divided into three parts; Pre-Transition, Transition I, and Transition II. A Pre-Transition program is considered for the students in the third grade. Its purpose is to emphasize the fundamental role of Spanish reading and writing and oral English development that precedes transition and the goal is that by the end of the year the student should read and write Spanish, and a certain level of oral English.The second part of the transition program is called Transition I and it is used in the fourth grade. It is designed to make clear the need of an actual program for a certain time. By the end of fourth grade or Transition I, students should show at least initi al reading and writing fluency in English. Moreover, the student should be able to participate in discussions in English and the student should also continue to demonstrate a good level in writing and reading in Spanish used in language arts throughout the entire year. The last part of the program called Transition II is used in the fifth grade.This last part of the program is where the students should be decoding and comprehends grade level materials in English, which mean in literature and content areas (Saunders). According to many teachers in California, bilingual transition programs work very well in schools where they have positive teachers that want to help the student and where the first language is used in the first year (Stephanie Krasren). One of my solutions for bilingual education is to implement more programs for older students as high school students.Right now we do not have enough programs that help those students and that is why we have a lot of college students tha t do not know how to write or read English or Spanish. In our high schools there is not enough emphasis in programs for high school students because many teachers believe that the students already know English because they attended elementary and middle school. Sometimes it doesn’t cross teachers minds that many students came to the United States when they were 16 and older and they had finished elementary or middle school in Mexico or other places.When they come to high schools here in the United States they do not know English. The program that I would implement for high school immigrant students that do not know any English would be called Older Transition. It would be separated in two parts, the first one being Older Transition I. It would be for ninth grade. The student would have a special teacher in separate classrooms, a teacher that helps them learn the basic English language and as the year goes by to improve their English in all subjects, so the student can be fami liarized with the language.The second part would be called Older Transition II and would be for tenth grade immigrant students. The students would be placed in regular classes so they can be familiarized with how the classes work and begin taking the TAKS test that they need in order to graduate. Also the student would be required to participate in school activities so they can be involved with the language and improve their skills. If we would have more programs like this, many students would be beneficiated and wouldn’t feel left out and they would have a better future with more opportunities.These days, many jobs require applicants to be bilingual. â€Å"Businesses, especially telephone companies here in Texas and California are seeking for bilingual employees” (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, Texas and California have a high percentage of immigrants and Hispanics, which is why many companies ask the employee if they can speak Spanish and English. According to Hoover, English is the widely used language in history also; English in the language of Science technology, and business (Bilingual Education Advocates).Furthermore, right now in this society we have a high call for merchants, bankers, and diplomats able to speak two languages. Therefore, if programs like this would be enforced in many high schools many students would have a better future and they would not have problems in college. The opposite view about my solution of implementing more transition programs for high school students is that many high schools do not have enough funds to be spending in transition programs.Moreover, many principals say that high schools do not receive money to have special teacher or train the teachers that the schools already have to teach the immigrant students that do not speak English. I believe that schools have enough money to spend to train teachers and programs because they have enough money to spend in athletics and other elective courses. Many high schools put more interest in athletics or any other activities than in the improvement of the student’s studies.To reiterate, whether bilingual education is effective or not for immigrant students who do not speak English is up to the schools and how they approach the effectiveness of the bilingual programs. After reading much information about bilingual education, I have come to a conclusion; if we have more certified teachers who care and help the students with the English skills and if the schools implement more programs to help immigrant students, we are going to have a nation with many bilingual people who would help others. Moreover, we are going to have a better future for the kids of tomorrow.I encourage many teachers to support more bilingual programs and talk with their principals about them and put them into practice in the classrooms. A lot of this implementation starts with the district, of course, but sometimes certain districts don’t want to implement the bilingual programs and are just receiving the money for it. This is where the schools need to step up and implement the programs and possibly make a call to the TEA and make sure that the district starts following the rules. It all begins with one person making the difference and then it goes from there.\r\n'